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The report examines the transition of global shipping to zero-carbon fuels, specifically hydrogen and ammonia. It identifies a 'chicken-and-egg' dilemma where infrastructure investment depends on demand, and demand depends on supply. The analysis evaluates several major ports—including Rotterdam, Jebel Ali, Los Angeles, Houston, Tokyo, Shanghai, and Hong Kong—based on their trade connectivity, technological capacity for fuel production, and policy support. It concludes that while blue hydrogen is currently the most realistic large-scale production pathway, green hydrogen is promising in regions with cheap renewables like the UAE and Australia. The report recommends establishing trans-oceanic coalitions, partnering fuel suppliers with shipping companies along major trade routes, and leveraging public finance to de-risk infrastructure investments.

The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) advocates for the inclusion of 'blue' hydrogen in the UK's sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) mandate, arguing that biofuels and 'green' hydrogen alone cannot meet the sector's energy demands or the 2030 target of 10% SAF. CATF asserts that 'blue' hydrogen is more scalable and cost-effective than 'green' hydrogen and can achieve comparable lifecycle emissions if high carbon capture rates and strict methane leakage controls are implemented. The document provides cost comparisons and estimates the significant renewable energy capacity that would be required if the mandate were met solely through 'green' hydrogen.

The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) asserts that hydrogen is a critical tool for reaching full decarbonization in the U.S. by 2050, particularly for sectors that are challenging or impossible to electrify. The document advocates for the hydrogen production tax credit (PTC) in the Build Back Better Act (BBBA), stating it will incentivize both 'green' hydrogen (from electrolyzers powered by low-carbon electricity) and 'blue' hydrogen (from fossil fuels with carbon capture and low methane leaks). According to CATF, the PTC will primarily benefit the green hydrogen market while accelerating the development of necessary infrastructure. The document identifies six key sectors for hydrogen application: heavy trucking, marine shipping, aviation fuels, industrial process heating, ironmaking, and power system balancing. Additionally, it claims that hydrogen can improve local air quality compared to internal combustion engines and that public investment in hydrogen demonstration projects could create approximately 10,000 permanent jobs over the next decade.

The document examines the transition of traditional refineries to low-carbon facilities across four regions, utilizing archetype refineries to model emissions reductions under the IEA's Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) and Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE). It identifies key decarbonization levers including carbon capture and storage (CCS), green and blue hydrogen, energy efficiency, and the conversion of facilities into biorefineries or clean fuels plants. Regional analysis reveals that while the US and GCC benefit from vast CO2 storage and cheap natural gas, Europe and Singapore face greater storage constraints but have stronger regulatory drivers and higher financial incentives for energy efficiency. The study emphasizes that the viability of these transitions depends on carbon pricing, feedstock availability, and the development of carbon clusters to achieve economies of scale.

The document contends that plastic production and incineration are significant climate threats, projected to emit 2.8 gigatons of CO2e annually by 2050 and consume up to 13% of the global 1.5C carbon budget. It systematically debunks five industry 'myths' regarding net zero: that clean energy and carbon capture and storage (CCS) can make production emissions-free, that plastic waste is a carbon-free fuel, that plastics can be carbon sinks, that offset schemes are viable, and that bioplastics solve the problem. The author concludes that these narratives are delay tactics and that 'real zero'—reducing production—is the only solution.

Alberta faces significant economic risks due to its high concentration of workers and GDP tied to transition-vulnerable sectors, particularly oil and gas. While the province has established a foothold in low-carbon electricity, hydrogen, and CCUS, growth is hindered by mixed policy signals and a geographic mismatch between new opportunity companies in cities and vulnerable workers in rural areas.

The document analyzes Alberta's position in the global energy transition, highlighting a tension between emerging low-carbon investments and a continued reliance on the oil and gas sector. While the province shows strength in carbon-free electricity and industrial transition technologies, it faces significant risks due to workforce concentration in vulnerable sectors and contradictory political signals that may hinder large-scale decarbonization.

The document outlines the role of CCUS in low-carbon scenarios, noting its potential to contribute 4% of global CO2 reductions by 2030 and 12% by 2050. It highlights that while CCUS has historically underperformed, investment is increasing, with a global market potentially reaching $4–$10 billion by 2026-27. Canada is positioned as having an early advantage due to expertise in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), geological storage in Alberta and Saskatchewan, and early adoption in coal-fired electricity and oil sands. Notable investments include $685 million for a network in Norway and significant funding for Direct Air Capture (DAC) from the US, UK, and private entities.

The document outlines the growth potential of the clean hydrogen market, noting that global demand could exceed 6% of total final energy consumption by 2050. It highlights Canada's competitive advantages in production due to its geology and renewable energy resources, while identifying barriers such as high costs and infrastructure gaps.

Friends of the Earth International asserts that all forms of hydrogen—regardless of their color classification—are costly and inefficient, serving as a distraction from necessary systemic changes to address the climate crisis. The document claims that hydrogen deployment primarily benefits the fossil fuel industry, specifically the gas sector, and risks perpetuating environmental and social destruction in places like Colombia and Mozambique.

The document examines the transition from natural gas to hydrogen in gas turbines, detailing the physical differences between the fuels and the resulting engineering requirements. It highlights that while low-percentage hydrogen blends (~20% or less) can often be used with minimal modifications, higher blends require significant changes to combustion systems to manage NOx emissions and prevent flashback. The paper reviews the current capabilities and development roadmaps of major OEMs, including Ansaldo Energia, General Electric, Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, and Siemens, most of whom target 100% hydrogen capability by 2030.

The guide identifies evolving strategies used by fossil fuel lobbyists to disguise their influence, specifically highlighting the use of carbon capture and storage, blue hydrogen, and biomass as deceptive tools to prolong fossil fuel extraction and infrastructure use.

The report alleges that ADNOC, led by COP28 President Sultan Al-Jaber, pursued nearly $100 billion in fossil fuel deals during the UAE's year as host, contradicting public claims that the summit was not used for commercial gain. It details specific targets in countries like Brazil, Azerbaijan, and China, and argues that the COP28 final text's ambiguous language on 'transitioning away' from fossil fuels allows ADNOC to expand production while appearing compliant with climate goals.

The document outlines several deceptive strategies used by corporations at COP to appear environmentally friendly while continuing harmful practices. It specifically critiques the promotion of natural gas and 'blue' hydrogen as low-carbon solutions, the use of 'net zero' and 'nature-based solutions' to mask continued pollution, and the use of 'green finance' and voluntary anti-deforestation pledges by banks to hide ongoing investments in fossil fuels and deforestation.

The report details ADNOC's plans to increase oil production by 25% by 2030, identifying it as a major global expansionist whose activities are largely incompatible with IEA Net Zero scenarios. It highlights the involvement of international 'carbon majors' and banks in financing these projects, the use of carbon capture for enhanced oil recovery, and the threat posed to the Marawah Biosphere Reserve by the Ghasha Mega Project.

The Barbados Energy Transition and Investment Plan (ETIP) identifies a net-zero emissions (NZE) target by 2035 as the most feasible pathway for the nation. Achieving this goal requires a total capital investment of BBD 19 billion by 2040, with the transport sector accounting for approximately BBD 17.3 billion of this total. The transition is expected to be driven by the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), onshore wind, solar PV, and blue hydrogen, while utilizing bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in the industry sector to offset residual emissions. The plan projects that NZE 2035 will result in fuel cost savings of BBD 15.6 billion and create approximately 1,500 new jobs above business-as-usual levels by 2035. Key policy recommendations include implementing mandatory building energy codes, establishing a national electric mobility roadmap, and developing a governance structure featuring an Energy Transition Office to coordinate cross-ministerial implementation.

Ghana aims to reach net-zero emissions by 2060, a transition requiring approximately USD 550 billion in capital investment. The plan identifies a shift toward solar PV, electric vehicles, and clean cooking as primary abatement drivers, while noting that without action, emissions could rise from 28 Mt CO2e in 2021 to over 140 Mt by 2050. The strategy emphasizes the need for de-risking instruments to attract private capital and the establishment of an Energy Transition Office to coordinate implementation.

The report argues that transitioning from national energy self-sufficiency to an integrated regional power system in Central Asia would enhance energy security, lower electricity production costs, and accelerate decarbonization. Modelling indicates that 'Unlimited transmission' could reduce electricity production emissions intensity by approximately 3% and save 1.4 billion USD in annual costs by 2050 compared to self-sufficiency. The document highlights the potential for Kazakhstan to become a hydrogen hub (primarily via 'blue' hydrogen) and for Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to provide baseload hydropower. To achieve this, the report proposes a roadmap integrating technical, political, financial, and organizational considerations.

The document provides a detailed analysis of Law 2099 of 2021, which aims to modernize Colombia's energy transition. It examines the expansion of public utility declarations for renewable energy projects, the modification of tax incentives to include hydrogen and geothermal energy, and the consolidation of energy funds into FONENERGÍA. The report highlights significant risks, including the promotion of 'blue hydrogen' from fossil fuels, the potential for environmental degradation due to streamlined licensing, and the risk of displacing populations lacking formal land titles. It also discusses the specific challenges of geothermal development in páramo ecosystems and the government's continued reliance on combustible gas as a transition bridge.

The document argues that current U.S. federal tax credits suffer from design deficiencies and a cycle of short-term extensions that discourage private sector planning. It proposes a shift toward a predictable, forward-looking regime featuring technology-neutral designs, performance-based incentives, and equity measures to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.