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The document establishes a business-as-usual (BAU) GHG emission reference case for Pakistan, projecting emissions from 2000 to 2030. It identifies agriculture as the largest emission source and analyzes how variations in GDP growth and autonomous energy efficiency improvements (AEEI) impact future emission levels. The reference case assumes an average annual GDP growth rate of 6% between 2015 and 2030.

The document evaluates the environmental sustainability of first-generation biofuels produced in the Basque Country using an innovative methodology that integrates the SIMSNIC agronomic model with life cycle analysis. The study focuses on bioethanol from wheat and biodiesel from rapeseed in the La Llanada Alavesa area. It finds that while biofuels are more energy efficient than fossil fuels, meeting the EU's mandatory 35% greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target is unlikely under current mineral fertilisation conditions, particularly in nitrate-vulnerable areas. Organic fertilisation increases the likelihood of meeting GHG targets but exacerbates water contamination, soil acidification, and land-use competition. The authors conclude that the agricultural stage, specifically nitrogen fertilisation and climatology, is the primary driver of the carbon footprint due to nitrous oxide emissions.

The ClimateCost project analysed three emissions scenarios (A1B, E1, and RCP8.5) to project temperature and precipitation changes. Findings indicate that global temperatures could rise by 2.4°C to 3.4°C by 2071-2100 under the A1B scenario, with Europe experiencing more intense summer warming, particularly in the south. While the E1 mitigation scenario reduces these increases, projections for all scenarios do not significantly diverge until after 2040, emphasizing the need for immediate adaptation. Precipitation projections show higher uncertainty, but suggest wetter winters for Northern Europe and drier conditions for Southern Europe.

This report, prepared by INFOTOX (Pty) Ltd for Eskom Holdings, evaluates the confidence levels and uncertainties associated with the health risk assessment of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from Eskom operations. It concludes that risk quantifications based on mortality and particulate matter are more reliable than those based on hospitalisation and gaseous pollutants.