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The report finds that finance for energy access in high-impact countries (HICs) remains critically insufficient. In 2019, tracked electricity finance in HICs fell to USD 32 billion, with residential access funding at less than one-third of the required annual investment. Clean cooking investment has stagnated around USD 130 million annually, far below the USD 4.5 billion needed. While private investment in clean cooking reached a peak of USD 56 million in 2019, multilateral DFI support plummeted. The report emphasizes the need for climate-resilient infrastructure, as seen in Mozambique, and highlights divergent technological paths in Ghana (LPG) and Vietnam (biogas).

Global climate finance reached USD 632 billion in 2019/2020, but growth has plateaued, with an increase of only 10% between 2017/2018 and 2019/2020. To meet 1.5 °C objectives by 2030, annual finance must increase by at least 590% to USD 4.35 trillion. Mitigation remains the primary recipient of funds, dominated by renewable energy, while adaptation finance is growing but remains almost exclusively public. Investment is heavily concentrated in East Asia and Pacific, Western Europe, and North America.

The 2021 NYDF Assessment finds that while forests are recognized in the Paris Agreement, global forest loss is increasing and current government efforts are insufficient to meet 2030 targets. The report highlights a critical funding gap, where current investments cover only 5% of the required finance, and notes that government targets for high-mitigation potential countries capture only half of the available potential for emission reductions and carbon sinks. It further emphasizes that while legal frameworks for Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLC) exist, their implementation and tenure security remain weak, with only 11% of empowerment funding explicitly advancing tenure reform between 2011 and 2020.

The document argues that the financial system's current inertia and short-term bias prevent the redirection of private capital toward net-zero, climate-resilient economies. It emphasizes that limiting warming to 1.5°C is technically feasible but requires a dramatic scale-up of investment in energy, land, urban, and industrial systems. The report advocates for a dual approach of 'market fixing' (carbon pricing and risk disclosure) and 'market shaping' (de-risking and policy support) to overcome investment barriers. In the context of Covid-19, it highlights the risk of 'colourless' recovery packages entrenching fossil fuel dependence and proposes integrating NDCs into investment plans, alleviating debt through climate swaps, utilizing multi-sovereign guarantee funds, and expanding green bond markets to support developing nations.

The document outlines the architecture of smart water systems, presenting case studies from Cape Agulhas, Saldanha Bay, and Bergrivier municipalities to demonstrate benefits such as cost savings and improved billing. It provides a checklist for municipalities to assess their readiness and a cost-benefit analysis comparing ultrasonic smart meters to conventional mechanical meters, while listing funding resources like SIDAFF and the DBSA's Non Revenue Water Programme.

The document outlines the structure of smart water networks and provides evidence from South African municipalities on how sensor-based systems can reduce costs and improve billing. It emphasizes that smart systems must address specific problems and be supported by internal IT capacity to avoid magnifying existing inefficiencies.

Warwick Wine Estate installed a 23 kl/d MBR wastewater treatment plant to replace an ineffective system and reduce the costs of sewage removal. The project provides a sustainable irrigation source of 10 kl/d, reducing reliance on rain and groundwater. With a capital cost of R 1,100,000 and a payback period of 2.9 years, the estate expects monthly savings of R 31,350 after the payback period.

The document details updates to six specific energy subsidies in India, covering electric buses, energy conservation, regional fuel support, natural gas infrastructure, and hydrocarbon research. It provides financial data from FY 2014 to FY 2020, highlighting a significant increase in the cost of concessional GST for electric buses and substantial spending on the Phulpur Dhamra Haldia Pipeline Project and the National Seismic Programme.

The report finds that energy finance in high-impact countries (HICs) is critically insufficient to meet SDG7 targets. In 2019, tracked electricity finance in HICs fell to USD 32 billion, with residential access funding at only one-third of the required annual investment. Clean cooking investment has stagnated around USD 130 million annually, far below the USD 4.5 billion needed. While there is a positive shift away from fossil fuel electricity generation and an increase in private finance for clean cooking, significant gaps remain, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The report advocates for increased climate resilience in infrastructure, the scaling of decentralized energy solutions, and the integration of clean cooking into national climate policies and NDCs.

The report finds that global investment for energy access is critically insufficient. Finance for electricity in HICs fell to USD 32 billion in 2019, with residential access receiving only USD 12.9 billion—less than one-third of the estimated USD 41 billion annual need. Clean cooking investment has stagnated around USD 130 million annually, far below the USD 4.5 billion required. While renewables saw record highs and fossil fuel finance declined in some areas, significant gaps remain, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Case studies in Mozambique, Ghana, and Vietnam highlight the need for climate-resilient infrastructure and diversified technological approaches to clean cooking.

Direct tariff electricity subsidies in India rose 32% between FY 2016 and FY 2019, reaching INR 110,391 crore in FY 2019. The report finds that the Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY) scheme has largely failed to improve the financial health of distribution companies (DISCOMs), as 24 of 31 states and union territories reported revenue gaps in FY 2019 and only 6 met the target of reducing aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C) losses to 15%. Furthermore, no state adhered to the National Tariff Policy's target range for billing consumers relative to the average cost of supply. Subsidy allocation is heavily skewed, with agricultural consumers receiving 75% of total subsidies, while transparency remains low, with only 13 states and union territories clearly reporting subsidy data.

The statement argues that French financial actors are failing to translate their Paris Agreement commitments into concrete action. It highlights that since COP21, financial actors have provided $1,600 billion in funding to fossil fuel companies, with French banks and investors contributing $126 billion in financing and $22 billion in investments. The text specifically calls out the Banque de France for not having adopted a coal exit policy or restrictions on other fossil fuels, despite the governor's public calls for climate action. It also notes that ten other French actors, including Covéa and SCOR, have insufficient policies, and contrasts the French government's plan to fund fossil fuel projects until 2035 with the UK's goal to end such funding by COP26 in November 2021.

This policy brief examines the allocation of COVID-19 recovery funds to cities, noting a significant gap between global pledges and city-specific commitments, and provides recommendations to improve the accessibility and effectiveness of green urban recovery finance.

The report 'POLLUTED PR' details how advertising and PR firms work covertly for the fossil fuel industry to block climate action. It highlights a significant spending gap, noting that the fossil fuel industry spent at least $1 billion on PR and advertising between 2014 and 2018, outspending clean energy trade groups by over 400:1. The document provides case studies of firms like Edelman, Porter Novelli, and FTI Consulting, illustrating tactics such as 'astroturfing' and the promotion of 'false solutions' like algae biofuels to maintain the industry's social license. It concludes by calling for professionals in the creative industry to divest from fossil fuel contracts.

The report finds that electricity subsidies in India are the largest form of energy support, with direct tariff subsidies totaling INR 110,391 crore in FY 2019. Despite the UDAY bailout scheme, DISCOM finances have generally worsened, characterized by increasing average costs of supply (ACoS) and persistent revenue gaps. The analysis reveals significant transparency issues, with discrepancies between Power Finance Corporation (PFC) reports and state regulatory orders. Subsidies are heavily skewed toward agricultural (75%) and domestic (20%) consumers, often without clear consumption limits, leading to regressive distribution where higher-income households capture a disproportionate share of benefits. The report recommends improving data standardization, exploring targeted subsidies via Direct Benefit Transfer for Power (DBT-P), and prioritizing billing and collection efficiency to reduce aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C) losses.

The 'Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape' report analyzes financial commitments for electrification and clean cooking in 20 high-impact countries (HICs) across Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia for the year 2018. It finds that current investment levels are significantly below the requirements to meet Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) by 2030, with a notable misalignment between where funds are allocated and where the greatest energy needs exist.

The 2020 Energizing Finance report finds a widening gap between actual and required investment for universal energy access, with funding failing to reach the countries with the greatest need. In 2018, only USD 16 billion of the required USD 41 billion for residential electrification was tracked in high-impact countries, and clean cooking finance remained far below the USD 4.5 billion annual requirement. The report highlights a concerning shift toward fossil fuel-generated electricity and a lack of private sector investment in clean cooking, urging a move away from business-as-usual approaches toward coordinated, sustainable financing.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative, supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), proposes a framework for measuring climate finance flows to small-scale agriculture in developing countries and provides a snapshot of international financial commitments for 2017 and 2018.

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) analyzed four options to reduce FX risk: natural hedging, maintaining an FX reserve, using market-based hedging instruments (currency swaps, FX forwards, and FX options), and changing its accounting base currency to EUR. The report recommends a combination of natural hedging, FX reserves, and market-based instruments—specifically currency swaps and FX forwards—while advising against changing the base currency to EUR. It suggests an initial hedge ratio of 50% to avoid speculation and manage the uncertainty of promissory note encashment schedules.

The 2020 assessment of NYDF Goal 9 reveals that while nearly USD 4.7 billion in results-based finance has been committed since 2010, only 40 percent has been disbursed. The report highlights a significant gap in funding for the implementation phase of REDD+ activities and notes that carbon markets have channeled USD 2.5 billion to forests over 20 years. While private sector demand for forest carbon offsets is rising among airlines and petroleum companies, current carbon prices remain too low to meet Paris Agreement objectives. Additionally, the report details various domestic compliance schemes in countries like Australia, Canada, and China that allow for forest carbon credits.