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This policy brief examines how international greenhouse gas emission offsets can be structured to provide a net decrease in global emissions. It notes that while offsets like those from the Clean Development Mechanism reduce abatement costs, they typically offer no net atmospheric benefit unless they generate surplus reductions. Achieving a net decrease requires certain additionality, the avoidance of double counting, and ensuring surplus reductions do not count toward host country pledges, utilizing methods such as unit discounting or cancellation.

This briefing paper evaluates three global mitigation pathways—the 1.5°C marker, the 2°C marker, and the G8 marker—against the carbon budgets provided in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report to determine their likelihood of limiting global surface temperature increases to 2°C by the end of the century.

This research paper examines the perceptions of roles and responsibilities among four key stakeholders in Australian flood risk management: local councils, the insurance industry, the State Emergency Service (SES), and local residents.

This research paper assesses the impact of climate change on the Gilgel Abay River in Ethiopia's Upper Blue Nile Basin using the Statistical Downscaling Tool (SDSM) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The study projects fluctuating precipitation and flow volumes between 2010 and 2100, ultimately predicting an overall annual increase in flow volume that could benefit local irrigation and dam projects.

This research paper examines the application of shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and their combination with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) within climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (IAV) research. It identifies limitations in previous social-environmental scenarios and proposes an expanded set of indicators for SSPs to increase their utility for future research.

A re-assessment of the LEAP model used for Estonia's Energy Plan 2020 revealed that actual CO2 and SO2 emissions (2000–2006) were 1.5% and 2.0% higher, respectively, than 2009 projections. These deviations were caused by revised statistical methodologies and unexpected increases in electricity exports. The study concludes that while LEAP is appropriate for scenario calculations, periodic updates are essential to account for unpredictable political and economic shifts, such as the decision to maintain oil-shale production units.

This briefing note details a vulnerability assessment conducted between 2011 and 2012 in the Virunga landscape of Rwanda as part of the COBAM project. The analysis focuses on current vulnerability, examining how climate-related disturbances affect different social groups and their interactions with natural resources.

This briefing note details a vulnerability assessment conducted between 2011 and 2012 in the Monte Alén–Monts de Cristal landscape as part of the COBAM project. The analysis highlights how climate variability, specifically unpredictable rainfall and temperature increases, negatively impacts agricultural production and food security, with female-headed households and those lacking young labor being the most vulnerable social groups.

This research paper examines the methodological challenges in quantifying greenhouse gas emission reductions from cookstove projects, specifically focusing on biomass fuel consumption, the fraction of non-renewable biomass, and emission factors.

This research paper describes the creation, calibration, and validation of a climate-driven water resource systems model designed to analyze the impact of electric power generation on water resources in three river basins in the southeastern United States.

This research paper compares the transition to alternative transport fuels, specifically ethanol, in Brazil, Malawi, and Sweden, analyzing these nations as pioneers in developing the necessary physical and institutional infrastructure.

This research paper examines the formation and evolving role of the BASIC group (Brazil, South Africa, India, and China) in international climate change negotiations, arguing that their cooperation is driven by the realization that global resource constraints make the development pathways of industrialized countries unsustainable.

This article advocates for a 'nexus' approach to soil and land management to reverse the cycle of land degradation. It highlights that while agriculture is essential for feeding 7 billion people, it often causes the degradation of 24% of global land. The nexus approach seeks to replace the narrow focus on crop yields with a system that manages synergies and tradeoffs between water, energy, food, and natural resources.

This research paper examines the impact of international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions offsets on global climate mitigation, specifically focusing on the risks of double-counting reductions between host and buying countries following the 2010 Cancún Agreements.

This research paper evaluates the sustainable development benefits of 77 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) bioenergy projects across India, Brazil, and sub-Saharan Africa, finding that projects utilizing agricultural farm residues claim the most benefits, while those using industrial forest residues claim the fewest.

This research paper addresses gaps in city-scale climate change mitigation planning by providing a typology of emission-reduction technologies and practices, identifying supporting policies, and assessing their abatement potential for 2020 and 2050.

This research paper examines the welfare costs of drought plan transactions between the El Dorado Irrigation District (EID) in California and its customers, using a discrete continuous choice (DCC) model within a water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model to estimate consumer welfare loss.

This research paper introduces the CLEWs (climate, land-use, energy and water strategies) framework, a paradigm for integrated resource assessment designed to address inconsistencies in policy-making and resource exploitation that contribute to climate change.

This research paper evaluates the consistency of carbon offset credits across five different programs in the U.S. carbon market, specifically focusing on landfill methane, manure management, and afforestation/reforestation projects.

This research paper presents a hydro-economic modeling framework that integrates farm-based economic models with semi-distributed hydrologic models to assess water policy interventions in Spain's Middle Guadiana basin. The study evaluates the impact of minimum environmental flows and reductions in legal irrigation water deliveries on agricultural profitability and ecological goals.