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The study evaluates how climate change affects the ability of the Maipo Basin's water system to meet urban and agricultural demands, finding that while both sectors are sensitive to precipitation changes, the urban sector is more resilient due to higher reliability standards and greater water-use rights.

The study found that soil respiration (Rs) decreases as ecosystem disturbance increases, with the least disturbed forest (D1) exhibiting annual Rs values 4.4-fold higher than the most disturbed savanna (D4). Rs is primarily driven by volumetric water content and soil temperature, while exchangeable nitrogen is uncorrelated. Under a predicted 2100 climate scenario of 40% less rainfall and a 4°C temperature increase, annual Rs is projected to decrease by an average of 28%, with more disturbed areas showing greater vulnerability.

The document advocates for a transition toward a green economy in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region by rethinking Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) to include the anthropo-hydrogeological cycle and non-conventional water resources. It highlights the role of virtual water trade, noting that the region was a net exporter of green virtual water and a net importer of blue virtual water between 1996 and 2005. The text emphasizes that achieving water security requires overcoming challenges related to resource-intensive economic growth and pollution through enhanced institutional communication, political will, and civil-society engagement across multiple levels of water governance.

The study identifies coastal upwelling events in the western San Matías Gulf, Argentina, noting approximately six upwelling-favorable wind events per year during the austral summer. Satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data confirmed upwelling in 85% of cases between 2000 and 2008, with specific events showing cold water bands approximately 10 km wide and 100 km long. In-situ data indicates that along-shore wind stress is the dominant process controlling high-frequency near-shore temperature fluctuations.

The text emphasizes that Brazil's vast size and climatic diversity require detailed observational studies to distinguish between natural variability and long-term climate change. It highlights that interannual variability, driven largely by El Niño and La Niña, can alter seasonal rainfall in the Amazon by a factor of more than four. The author cautions that most precipitation trends in Brazil are linked to interdecadal oscillations—such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)—rather than global warming. Additionally, the document notes a trend of increasing air temperatures in the tropics of South America since 1948, contrasting with a negative trend in the subtropics since the mid-1990s, and mentions the influence of land-use change and biomass burning on air temperature in the Amazon and Cerrado.

The study finds that grain production systems in the Pampas lead to higher water-table levels and increased flooding risk compared to dairy systems. This is attributed to lower transpiration rates in annual crops and enhanced groundwater recharge in croplands, whereas perennial pastures maintain deeper water tables through higher transpiration and direct groundwater discharge.

The document discusses the evolution of rural territorial ordering (OTR), noting that the availability of geoinformatic tools has shifted the focus from the costly generation of original spatial data to the strategic selection and integration of existing information sources to assess the potential of geographic spaces to provide ecosystemic, productive, and social services.

The research analyzes how different crop timing and intensity in the semiarid Chaco affect water stress and deep drainage. While late-summer crops minimize production risk for most of the region, they increase drainage rates. Conversely, double-crop systems reduce ecohydrologic risk in drainage-prone areas. The study suggests that flexible cropping sequences based on soil water content can balance these competing risks.

The study introduces the MCSMA method to improve the mapping of tropical dry forest succession stages by utilizing spectral and spatial information and an evaluation framework based on RMSE, spatial distance, and fraction consistency. Tested in Costa Rica's Santa Rosa National Park, the method outperformed the MESMA approach in reducing error across early, intermediate, and late successional stages.

The study evaluates four precipitation datasets in Bolivia, finding that the Combined Scheme (CoSch) provides the highest correlation and most accurate representation of surface observations. While CFSR and MERRA overestimated light to moderate rainfall and underestimated heavy precipitation, TRMM3B42 and CoSch showed more realistic distributions over the Amazon and Andes.

The report details a 2014 workshop in Buenos Aires that brought together a diverse group of specialists to address hydroenergy and climate change in South America. The event focused on fostering interdisciplinarity and collaboration among stakeholders to improve the governance of transboundary basins, specifically the Uruguay River Basin.

The study examines water extremes in the Sauce Grande lagoon watershed from 1971 to 2010, finding that while 49% of cases were mild or incipient droughts, extreme events caused a 19% decrease in grain yields. Severe and extreme droughts occurred most frequently during summer months, with the 2008-2009 period significantly impacting regional agricultural and livestock production.

The document argues that the Science and Technology system (SCyT) can improve decision-making regarding forest plantations in northwestern Patagonia by characterizing territorial heterogeneity, assessing land suitability and impacts, and analyzing the social construction of problems. It suggests using cause-and-effect trees and the analysis of Ecosystem Services (ES) to determine who benefits from these activities.

The document examines the function of information in Rural Land Use Planning (OTR), identifying its role in supporting decision-making and empowering marginalized sectors. It addresses barriers to information flow, the characteristics of the diagnostic phase—specifically pre-diagnosis and participatory diagnosis—and the uncertainties inherent in territorial systems and political decision-making.

The study analyzed the impact of precipitation variability on the surface area of Paso de las Piedras and La Picasa from 1981 to 2012. It found that extreme precipitation events caused significant but differing increases in water area: 1.1 km2 for Paso de las Piedras in 2005 and 174.9 km2 for La Picasa in 2002. Additionally, the study noted that Reanalysis data did not show a linear relationship with in situ measurements.

The document identifies population growth, economic development, and global climate change as three interrelated drivers creating management challenges for water resources. While integrated water resources management and integrated river basin management have been implemented, the authors argue these are insufficient. They propose complementary approaches that prioritize social, ecological, and hydroclimatic interactions, the dual nature of water as both a risk and a resource, and the use of adaptive management to build river basin resilience. These arguments are supported by case evidence from arid and semiarid regions across South and North America.

The paper examines the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), established by the World Meteorological Organization in 2009 to improve interaction between climate knowledge producers and users. Using Social Network Analysis (SNA), the study analyzes the institutional trajectories, contact points, and levels of cooperation among participating organizations to assess the potential for intensifying collaboration in the provision of climate services.

The document presents survey results from global and regional experts on the governance of the Guarani Aquifer System. Experts identified gaps in regulation and data, noted that contamination and overdrafting are currently localized, and viewed groundwater as a state-administered public resource. While a formal transboundary agreement is progressing, the findings emphasize the necessity of governance at local and national scales.

The research identifies strong intraseasonal teleconnections between South American and South African daily rainfall, with South American anomalies leading by 4-5 days. The mechanisms vary by season: summer involves both local Walker cell modulation and extratropical Rossby wave trains, while winter is dominated by Rossby wave trains and subtropical influences. These processes create circulation changes in southern Africa that favor rainfall-producing systems like cutoff lows.

A survey of state agency officials reveals that groundwater governance in the United States is fragmented, with significant variations in legal frameworks regarding the hydrologic connection between surface and groundwater, ecosystem needs, and quality protection. Despite these differences and varying enforcement capacities, states identified three shared priorities: water quality and contamination, user conflicts, and declining groundwater levels.