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The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund (GGRF), established by the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act 2022, provides USD 27 billion in grants to reduce GHG emissions, specifically targeting low-income and disadvantaged communities (LIDACs). While the fund can catalyze wealth and resilience through clean energy and transport, it faces hurdles including short disbursement timeframes, varying operational capacities of community development financial institutions (CDFIs) and green banks, and limited workforce capacity. To address these, the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) recommends catalyzing private capital, standardizing underwriting, coordinating technical assistance, aligning government efforts, and fostering a collaborative learning culture. CPI estimates that achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 requires USD 9.1 trillion in priority project categories through 2035, with USD 2.8 trillion specifically needed in LIDACs.

CPI estimates that California requires an annual average of USD 62 billion from 2023 to 2035 to meet its climate goals, with zero-emission vehicles accounting for half of this need. While climate finance spending grew by 26% annually between 2019 and 2022, reaching USD 39 billion in 2022, a gap remains. The report notes that finance is distributed relatively evenly per capita by county and is not currently prioritized for areas with higher pollution metrics.

This report uses network analysis to examine 75 policy and finance instruments and 22 barriers to achieving net zero carbon buildings in cities. It identifies financial barriers as the most critical, particularly for residential buildings, and emphasizes that mandates (such as building codes) are central to the transition. The authors argue that capacity development and fiscal instruments must act as systemic enablers to make mandates and financial mechanisms effective.

The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund (GGRF), established by the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, provides USD 27 billion in grants to mobilize financing for GHG emissions reduction in the United States, specifically targeting low-income and disadvantaged communities (LIDACs). While the fund offers a transformative opportunity to align climate mitigation with economic development and climate justice, the report identifies significant barriers, including short implementation timeframes, varying operational capacities among community development financial institutions (CDFIs), and a shortage of skilled workforce and project pipelines. To overcome these, the report recommends catalyzing private capital through secondary markets and blended finance, standardizing underwriting and financial products, implementing a hub-and-spoke technical assistance framework, aligning government efforts across all levels, and establishing a collaborative 'sandbox' culture for systemic learning.

This document is an annex listing the federal and state legislation consulted for a 2024 report titled "ONDE ESTAMOS NA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO CÓDIGO FLORESTAL?" (Where are we in the implementation of the Forest Code?). It provides a comprehensive bibliography of laws, decrees, normative instructions, and resolutions related to the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA) across various Brazilian states.

The report finds that gender-responsive climate blended finance is scarce, with only 22% of climate deals in Convergence's database meeting the criteria. In the energy sector, gender focus is more prevalent in off-grid projects (28%) than on-grid projects (11%), largely due to the domestic nature of off-grid energy needs. The document highlights the role of concessional capital, technical assistance (TA), and performance-based incentives in driving gender outcomes. It provides case studies of vehicles like the Green Guarantee Company and Catalyst Fund to illustrate how blended finance can support women-led enterprises and increase female labor participation in technical roles. Key recommendations include deploying TA alongside financial incentives and utilizing equity to influence gender policies at early stages.

The report demonstrates a causal link between Amazonian deforestation and reduced hydroelectric output in Brazil, affecting plants both within the Amazon and in distant regions like the Paraná Basin. Through case studies of the Teles Pires and several Paraná Basin plants, it quantifies energy and financial losses, highlighting that 17 of Brazil's 20 largest hydroelectric plants are exposed to the 'flying rivers' mechanism. The document argues that forest conservation is essential for national energy security and suggests targeted restoration policies based on land tenure categories.

The 2024 report by Climate Policy Initiative/PUC-Rio examines the progress of the Brazilian Forest Code's implementation. While CAR registration is consolidated nationwide, the analysis phase remains a critical bottleneck, with only 15% of registries having initiated analysis and 3.3% concluded. The report highlights the adoption of automation tools like 'CAR Digital' in Mato Grosso and the 'Análise Dinamizada' by the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) to accelerate validation. It also notes advancements in the PRA, with new states like Espírito Santo, Goiás, and Tocantins regulating the program. However, significant challenges persist, including low registry quality, communication gaps with landowners, and legal disputes regarding the Atlantic Forest biome.

Between 2015 and 2021, Indonesia's financial sector committed USD 41.7 billion in climate-aligned investments, representing 15% of the country's total climate finance needs. Public and private financial institutions contributed nearly equal annual averages (USD 3.5 billion and USD 3.4 billion, respectively), though private contributions represent only 3% of their total investments. While public finance is dominated by Development Finance Institutions targeting renewable energy, private finance is concentrated in the AFOLU sector, particularly certified sustainable palm oil. To meet 2030 targets, Indonesia faces a climate finance gap of approximately USD 145 billion, requiring climate-aligned investment to scale by at least 4.5x this decade.

The report provides a snapshot of the implementation of the Brazilian Forest Code in 2023, highlighting the roles of the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and the Environmental Compliance Program (PRA). While some states like Minas Gerais, Pará, and São Paulo have made significant strides through automated analysis tools and improved communication with landowners, the overall process remains bottlenecked at the analysis stage. The document also details the registration of traditional territories and the introduction of a specific module for agrarian reform settlement plots.

The report analyzes the limited scale of climate-related on-lending from multilateral development banks (MDBs) to national development banks (NDBs) and the divergence in their approaches to Paris alignment. It identifies operational frictions, such as currency risks and capacity gaps, and recommends strengthening collaboration through concessional support, clarified mandates, and shared institutional expertise.

In 2022, IDFC members committed a record USD 288 billion in green finance, a 29% increase from 2021. Climate finance dominated these commitments, accounting for 98% of the total, with mitigation finance reaching USD 244.7 billion and adaptation finance increasing by 52% to USD 31.6 billion.

The report finds that climate-related financial cooperation between MDBs and NDBs is currently limited, with approximately USD 7 billion in tracked flows from 2015 to 2022. There is significant divergence in how these institutions approach Paris alignment, with MDBs generally possessing more standardised targets and dedicated energy policies, while NDBs often anchor their goals in national NDCs. Key barriers to increased cooperation include currency risks, differing institutional mandates, and gaps in technical capacity. The authors recommend that MDBs optimise on-lending models, promote local currency instruments, and share expertise through platforms like Finance in Common to scale up climate investment.

The report finds limited existing climate cooperation between MDBs and NDBs and highlights a divergence in their progress toward Paris alignment. While MDBs generally have more standardized climate targets and energy policies, NDBs show greater variability and often align their goals with national determined contributions (NDCs). The authors identify operational barriers to on-lending, such as currency risks and institutional capacity gaps, and recommend optimizing operating models, clarifying climate mandates, and sharing expertise to scale global climate investment.

The report estimates that an immediate low-carbon transition would result in a cumulative annual economic impact of INR 725.9 billion (USD 8.7 billion) for stakeholders in Jharkhand. The most significant losses are concentrated in the solid fossil fuel mining sector, which would see an annual impact of INR 608.3 billion, compared to INR 117.6 billion for the power generation sector. Key fiscal risks include a potential 5% decline in state revenue receipts and an erosion of 7% of the state's Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) due to livelihood losses. The analysis highlights the vulnerability of indirect and contractual workers who lack the severance benefits available to direct employees. To mitigate these effects, the report recommends that state-owned enterprises diversify into green hydrogen, energy storage, and solar energy, while the state government develops a comprehensive Just Transition plan focusing on reskilling and social safety nets.

Indonesia requires approximately USD 285 billion in climate-aligned investment to meet its Enhanced NDC, but current funding is insufficient. The government budget covers 34% of this need, while the financial sector (public and private) contributes 15%. Between 2015 and 2021, public and private financial institutions provided roughly equal amounts of climate-aligned investment, totaling USD 41.7 billion. Private investment is notably low, with only 3% of total private investment being climate-aligned, and much of this concentrated in land use. In the power sector, 58% of the USD 35.6 billion invested went to renewables, with a significant drop in coal finance since 2016. Future investment trends are expected to be driven by government policy signals such as the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) and the Energy Transition Mechanism (ETM).

The report identifies 22 systemic barriers to net zero carbon buildings, categorized as financial, investment risk/opportunity, market readiness, and regulatory. Using network analysis, it establishes that financial barriers are the most critical from a demand perspective but are often dependent on the mitigation of regulatory and market readiness barriers. The authors map 31 policy and 44 financial instruments, categorizing them into fundamental inputs (such as capacity development and fiscal instruments) and dependent inputs (such as debt instruments and asset finance models). The report highlights five high-impact pathways for cities: phasing out fossil-fuel appliances, implementing energy efficiency building codes, deploying results-based grants for cooling, using skills development for embodied carbon reduction, and publishing climate risk data for adaptation. It emphasizes that mandates are central to the transition, as they enable the development of new financial mechanisms.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the climate finance landscape in South Africa, detailing the gap between current financial flows and the estimated needs required to meet national and international climate targets. It breaks down the sources, instruments, and sectoral allocations of climate finance, highlighting the dominance of private domestic investment and the clean energy sector.

The report argues that while MDBs have increased overall climate finance, urban climate investments in L&MICs have plateaued and remain insufficient. It identifies critical gaps in strategy, operating models, and private capital mobilization, recommending a shift from project-by-project approaches to programmatic strategies and increased direct financing for cities to meet global climate goals.

India aims to reduce GDP emissions intensity by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2070, requiring an estimated US$2.5 trillion in investment by 2030 and US$10.1 trillion for the full transition. Despite a global high of US$1.3 trillion in clean energy commitments in 2022, the document argues that current investment trajectories are insufficient to meet Paris Agreement targets or India's specific needs.