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This policy brief, prepared by the Climate Bonds Initiative and supported by the Inter-American Development Bank, examines the potential for Brazilian subnational consortia to use Pooled Finance Mechanisms (PFMs) to fund sustainable infrastructure. It identifies significant regulatory and financial barriers facing Brazilian municipalities and proposes updates to the legal framework and the adoption of blended finance models to attract private and international capital for climate-resilient projects.

This report by the Climate Bonds Initiative analyzes the issuance of labeled sovereign bonds (green, social, and sustainability) based on a survey of 19 issuers. It finds that while these bonds are primarily driven by climate goals and the desire to stimulate local markets, they are typically used to fund existing budget items rather than new projects. The report highlights the critical role of ministers and inter-departmental working groups in the issuance process and emphasizes that labeled sovereign bonds can increase transparency, diversify investor bases, and catalyze private investment in sustainable assets.

The Water Infrastructure Criteria, published by the Climate Bonds Initiative in January 2021, provide a technical framework for certifying bonds that finance water-related assets. The criteria cover engineered, nature-based, and hybrid infrastructure used for water collection, storage, treatment, distribution, flood protection, and drought resilience. To achieve certification, assets must meet both mitigation requirements (reducing GHG emissions) and adaptation and resilience requirements (demonstrating robustness to climate change).

The Climate Bonds Standard 2021 Electrical Grids and Storage Criteria establish a framework for certifying investments in grid infrastructure. It highlights a funding gap, noting that USD 820 billion annual investment is needed by 2030 for net zero by 2050, while actual investment fell to USD 248 billion in 2020. Eligibility is based on a mitigation component—where some assets are automatically eligible and others depend on the system's decarbonisation trajectory (e.g., emissions below 100 gCO2e/kWh)—and an Adaptation & Resilience checklist.

The Climate Bonds Standard Water Criteria define the eligibility requirements for water infrastructure projects to be included in Certified Climate Bonds, focusing on two main components: mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation and resilience to climate change.

This fact sheet details a USD 272.6 million green bond issued by the California State Teachers’ Retirement System (CalSTRS) on December 19, 2019, to finance the expansion of its headquarters in Sacramento, California.

This fact sheet details a USD 50 million green bond issued by the State of Nevada Department of Business and Industry on May 9, 2019, to fund a municipal solid waste to low carbon fuels biorefinery and a feedstock processing facility operated by Sierra BioFuels.

A fact sheet detailing a CNY 1.9 billion green asset-backed security (ABS) issued by Qingdao International Shipping Building Management Co., Ltd., backed by green buildings in Shandong province, China.

This fact sheet from the Climate Bonds Initiative outlines the Transport Criteria under the Climate Bonds Standard, detailing the eligibility of transport projects for green bond certification to support global decarbonisation targets.

This report by the Climate Bonds Initiative (CBI) examines the opportunities for using green bonds to finance sustainable construction in Mexico. It details the current state of the market, national climate commitments, specific financial instruments like CKDs and FIBRAS, and the certification proxies accepted under the Climate Bonds Standard for residential and commercial buildings.

This briefing by the Climate Bonds Initiative examines the potential for using green and sustainable bonds to finance low-carbon buildings in Mexico. It details the country's climate commitments, the current state of the green bond market, specific financial instruments like FIBRAs and CKDs, and the certification proxies used to identify eligible low-carbon assets.

Saudi Electricity issued USD 1.3 billion in green Sukuk on September 17, 2020, to fund the installation of 10 million smart meters and the development of grid infrastructure for wind and solar energy. The government-backed entity committed to annual reporting and the publication of a dedicated impact report.

This Green Bond Fact Sheet details a EUR 1 billion (USD 1.1 billion) green bond issued by Daimler AG on September 10, 2020, with a maturity date of September 10, 2030. The bond is intended to finance the transition to zero-emission vehicles and sustainable industrial operations.

The Government of Ghana issued a green loan of EUR35m (USD42m) on September 2, 2020, to fund water projects for rural and peri-urban communities under the 'Water for All' policy.

This fact sheet details a EUR 35 million green bond issued by Ijsbeer Energie Europa BV on September 7, 2020, to fund 'Project Ice Block'. The project aims to retrofit an existing combined heat and power (CHP) facility to increase its energy utilization from 25% to 90% through a circular economy approach.

This report by the Climate Bonds Initiative and SynTao Green Finance analyzes the potential for green bond issuance in China to support its transition to a low-carbon economy. It details the investment needs under the 13th Five-Year Plan, the role of green finance pilot zones, and the regulatory framework governing green bonds. The document emphasizes the need for private sector capital to fill a significant funding gap and advocates for the harmonization of green definitions to attract international investors.

This report, co-authored by the Climate Bonds Initiative and Syntao Green Finance and sponsored by UK PACT, analyzes the potential for green investment and the issuance of green bonds in China. It identifies significant funding gaps for the transition to a low-carbon economy, evaluates the impact of national and local green finance policies, and highlights opportunities within green finance reform and innovation pilot zones. The document emphasizes the need for standardized green definitions, increased transparency in disclosure, and the potential for 'new infrastructure' and 'brown' industry transitions to drive future green bond issuance.

A Green Bond Fact Sheet for Mercury NZ Ltd detailing a NZD 200 million green bond issued on September 14, 2020, to fund wind and geothermal energy assets.

A Green Bond Fact Sheet for a EUR 10 million issuance by Reconcept GmbH to finance renewable energy projects globally.

K2A Knaust & Andersson issued a SEK400m (USD42.3m) senior unsecured green bond on August 28, 2020, to fund energy efficiency and green building projects. The bond, which was oversubscribed more than three times, is focused on properties in Sweden and utilizes a framework with a second party opinion from CICERO.