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This report by Ember analyses China's consumer goods trade-in programme, specifically its impact on the energy efficiency of room air conditioner (RAC) stocks. The programme uses subsidies to encourage consumers to replace outdated appliances with high-efficiency models, aligning economic stimulus for domestic consumption with energy transition and climate goals.

This report examines the financing of China's steel sector decarbonisation, highlighting the impact of Hebei Province's 2023 transition finance guidelines. It finds that while labelled debt (loans and bonds) is growing—with USD2.8bn in Hebei transition loans and USD3bn in labelled bonds in 2024—the sector requires USD18bn in capex over the next five years to meet EAF and H2-DRI targets. The report recommends government incentives, diversified financial products, and proactive corporate transition planning to bridge the funding gap.

This report examines the financing gap in China's agri-food system transition, noting that while the sector is a major global emitter, it receives minimal climate finance. It argues that current green and inclusive finance policies are insufficient and advocates for a 'transition finance' framework. Key recommendations include improving GHG disclosure, developing credible entity-level transition plans, and aligning agricultural subsidies with climate goals to ensure a just transition for smallholders.

This report, produced by the Climate Bonds Initiative and Peking University, examines the role of transition finance in decarbonising China's power sector. It emphasizes the necessity of credible, science-based transition plans to attract capital and avoid greenwashing, while analyzing the use of sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) and use-of-proceeds (UoP) instruments. The document provides a framework for electrical utilities to develop transition roadmaps and includes case studies of Vattenfall, Enel, and China Huaneng Group to illustrate varying levels of alignment with global standards.

The Hong Kong Green Market Briefing 2023, published by the Climate Bonds Initiative, provides a comprehensive analysis of the sustainable debt market in Hong Kong as of December 31, 2023. The report highlights a significant surge in aligned GSS+ debt originating from the HKSAR, driven primarily by government green bond issuance, and examines the role of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEX) and the Common Ground Taxonomy (CGT) in connecting Chinese and international capital.

A fact sheet detailing a CNY 1.5 billion green bond issued by Chongqing Rail Transit on March 25, 2020, to finance or refinance four metro lines in Chongqing, China.

A Green Bond Fact Sheet detailing a USD 300 million green bond issued by Shui On Development (Holding) Limited on November 12, 2019, to fund green buildings and pollution control.

This fact sheet details a CNY400m (USD59m) private placement green bond issued by Chongqing Qianjiang Urban Investment on September 21, 2018, to fund stormwater infrastructure in Chongqing, China.

This fact sheet details a green Asset-Backed Security (ABS) issuance by Chongqing Kangda Environmental Protection Industrial Co., Ltd. on August 10, 2018, totaling CNY 360 million (USD 52.7 million) to fund wastewater treatment infrastructure.

This report evaluates China's 2010 reform of residential electricity pricing, which transitioned from a flat-rate system to a tiered electricity pricing (TEP) mechanism. The reform aimed to improve energy efficiency, reduce environmental pollution, and address the regressive nature of flat subsidies that disproportionately benefited high-income households. While the central government set general principles, provincial governments designed specific price ladders and volume blocks. The report analyzes the impacts on different income groups, the role of grid companies, and the challenges of public communication and operational feasibility.

This report analyzes three national-level pilot programs in China designed to promote low-carbon and eco-efficient industrial parks: the Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) demonstration project, the Circular Transformation of Industrial Parks (CTIP), and the Low-Carbon Industrial Park pilot project. It examines their management structures, certification procedures, and performance indicators, noting that while these programs are voluntary, they provide significant incentives through official naming, certificates, and financial subsidies.

This executive summary examines Environmental Fiscal Reform (EFR) as a mechanism to fund renewable energy deployment in China. By analyzing eight international case studies, the report explores how environmental taxes and carbon trading can generate revenue for green energy while mitigating impacts on economic growth and competitiveness. It specifically discusses the role of earmarking revenues to increase transparency and investor confidence, while noting the political and economic challenges of implementing such measures within the Chinese context.

This research paper by Energy Innovation and the Paulson Institute argues that the scale and speed of urbanization in China will be a primary determinant of future global climate change. The authors propose six critical 'ingredients for success'—permeable urban form, transit-centered transportation, effective building codes, municipal finance reform, sustainability metrics for mayors, and a strengthened planning process—to prevent the proliferation of unlivable, auto-centric 'superblocks' and instead create sustainable, world-class cities.

This issue brief analyzes China's clean power sector, detailing its massive growth in electricity capacity, its continued heavy reliance on coal, and the government's strategic shift toward renewable energy and emissions controls under the 12th Five Year Plan.

This briefing by Energy Innovation argues that while fuel quality standards are a critical first step in reducing air pollution in China, long-term success depends on developing sustainable, dense, and walkable cities to avoid the car-reliant model of the 20th-century United States.

This policy brief evaluates China's efforts to establish a domestic carbon trading system during its 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015). It describes the transition from top-down command-and-control measures to market-based instruments, highlighting the role of regional pilots and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) while identifying significant structural and administrative challenges to achieving a functional national system by 2016.

This research paper examines the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and human well-being, using China as a primary case study. It analyzes how income per capita, energy production mixes, and geography correlate with CO2 emissions across 174 countries and 30 Chinese provinces, arguing that current high-consumption lifestyles in rich countries are incompatible with low-emission stabilization targets.

This report by the Climate Bonds Initiative and Transition Asia examines the financing of decarbonisation in China's steel sector, focusing on the impact of transition finance pilots and market trends following the introduction of the Hebei Province Transition Finance Guidelines for the Iron and Steel Industry (2023-2024 Edition).

This guide by Energy Innovation outlines eight quantifiable urban planning principles designed to help China develop prosperous, low-carbon cities. It argues that high-density cities cannot be designed around the car and must instead prioritize public transport, walking, and bicycling to avoid gridlock, pollution, and economic stagnation.

This report reviews three national certification programs in China—the EIP Demonstration Program, the Circular Transformation of Industrial Parks (CTIP), and the Low-Carbon Industrial Park Program—aimed at improving the eco-efficiency and carbon performance of industrial zones. While voluntary, these programs motivate participation through official certification, financial subsidies (particularly in the CTIP program), and the ability to attract investment. The report highlights that while these initiatives promote industrial symbiosis and resource efficiency, there remains a significant need for capacity building and more comprehensive low-carbon evaluation standards.