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This case study examines Indonesia's transition from universal commodity-based energy subsidies to targeted Energy Safety Nets (ESNs) for electricity and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). It analyzes the role of the Unified Database System (BDT) in targeting poor households, the impact of reforms on energy access and consumption, and the challenges posed by geographical remoteness and infrastructure gaps, particularly in eastern provinces.

This case study examines Energy Safety Nets (ESNs) in Kenya, analyzing government-led initiatives designed to make modern energy services affordable for poor and vulnerable populations. It reviews electricity access programs, clean cooking initiatives, and the broader national social protection framework to identify opportunities for integrating energy access into existing social safety nets.

This research paper by Dr. Paul B. Siegel proposes a "no-regrets" approach to climate change adaptation by integrating disaster risk management (DRM), climate change adaptation (CCA), and social protection (SP) through spatially enabled governance. The author argues that development agencies should support the creation of adaptive social protection systems that are globally guaranteed, nationally managed, and locally administered, utilizing GIS and spatial data infrastructure to build resilience among the poor and vulnerable.