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The document argues that the Upstream Petroleum Resources Development Bill (B13 - 2021) is fatally flawed because it seeks to "accelerate exploration and production" of oil and gas, which contradicts South Africa's climate commitments and the global goal of net zero by 2050. The authors highlight significant administrative shortcomings, specifically the lack of a clear definition for "interested and affected party" (IAP) and inadequate consultation requirements for most application types. Furthermore, the Bill is described as being in conflict with the One Environmental System (OES) by attempting to legislate on environmental matters that fall under the exclusive purview of the Minister for Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment. The submission also calls for the incorporation of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) and a robust Social and Labour Plan (SLP) framework to protect vulnerable communities from the health and economic risks associated with petroleum extraction.

The report examines how the African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and World Bank are mainstreaming climate adaptation. While global finance flows for adaptation have increased and climate risk screening has become standard, the report finds that trends at the country level in Kenya, Nepal, and Peru are less clear. It highlights a lack of transparency in project-level finance allocations and argues for more funding of discrete adaptation projects and the use of programmatic finance and innovative instruments aligned with National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

The EBRD's new Paris alignment methodology, effective January 1, 2023, expands exclusions to include upstream gas and most midstream and downstream oil. However, it maintains a set of cumulative criteria for midstream and downstream gas projects and allows an automatic alignment exception for projects meeting EU taxonomy criteria. The author argues that to align with the 1.5°C goal and the Glasgow Statement, the EBRD must completely exclude midstream and downstream gas infrastructure.

The document outlines the critical role of scientific research in climate litigation, emphasizing how experts can help hold corporations and governments accountable for climate damages and disinformation. It identifies key research priorities—such as attribution science and the study of climate obstruction—and provides actionable ways for scientists to engage, including serving as expert witnesses, contributing to amicus briefs, and designing research specifically relevant to legal proceedings. The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) Science Hub for Climate Litigation is presented as a central resource to bridge the gap between the scientific community and legal practitioners.

The analysis finds that while Ghanaian communities actively employ local knowledge for climate-smart agriculture and waste management, their efforts are hindered by limited access to financial resources, technical support, and national policy guidelines. It argues that Ghana's national adaptation goals, including those in its NDCs, can be better achieved by delegating authority and funding to local actors and integrating indigenous practices into national strategies.

The document examines Senegal's climate adaptation framework, highlighting the alignment between its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and the Senegal Emerging Plan for 2035. While progress is noted in sectoral adaptation plans for fisheries and livestock, and local communities have successfully implemented projects in agriculture, coastal protection, and health, significant gaps remain. Key challenges include a lack of evidence-based knowledge, insufficient integration of indigenous practices into national policy, and a substantial financing gap, with NDC needs estimated at USD 14.5 billion by 2030.

The document evaluates Nigeria's climate adaptation landscape, contrasting high-level national policy frameworks with iterative, indigenous practices at the local level. While Nigeria has established ambitious frameworks like the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), implementation is hindered by a 'top-down approach' that excludes local stakeholders, alongside gaps in finance, technology, and capacity. Case studies in Ogun, Lagos, and Anambra states demonstrate that local communities are already implementing Nature-based Solutions (NbSs) and traditional adaptation methods—such as biogas production from cassava waste and the use of bitter leaf juice in aquaculture—that align with national goals despite a lack of formal policy awareness. The authors argue that integrating these locally-led initiatives into national frameworks is essential to prevent climate impacts from increasing GDP losses from 5% to 30% by 2050.

The document analyzes Senegal's climate adaptation landscape, noting a shift toward sectoral and territorial approaches. While the government has launched initiatives like the Local Climate Adaptive Living Facility (LoCAL) to integrate indigenous practices, significant gaps remain in financing, evidence-based knowledge, and the inclusion of community-led strategies. Case studies in Daga Birame, Dionewar, and Widdou Thingolly illustrate the capacity of local communities to implement adaptation measures in agriculture, coastal protection, and health, despite limited central government support.

Carbon Market Watch opposes the inclusion of emission avoidance in Article 6.4 and 6.2, warning that inconsistently defined avoidance activities could lead to the issuance of 'hot air' credits and potentially increase overall emissions.

The paper examines 168 NDCs to determine if their methane-focused mitigation actions are sufficient to meet the Global Methane Pledge's goal of a 30% reduction in global anthropogenic methane emissions by 2030 compared to 2020 levels. While current implementation targets and timelines are insufficient, the authors find that if 476 identified mitigation actions are implemented to their maximum technical potential, global emissions could be reduced by approximately 31%.

In 2022, Türkiye's coal generation returned to its previous peak of 113.6 TWh, driven largely by imported coal, with Russia becoming the primary supplier and the import bill reaching a record $5.3 billion. While wind and solar combined for a 15.5% share of generation, solar deployment lags behind its potential and faces grid capacity barriers. Hydropower proved critical for energy security during a ten-day gas supply disruption from Iran in January 2022, demonstrating its flexibility as a complement to variable renewables.

The document analyzes the failure of technology mandates to achieve 100% substitution of traditional brick kilns in Bangladesh, predicting that this goal will likely not be met by 2035 despite its priority in the updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). It highlights that full conversion to energy-efficient kilns could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1177 kilotonnes, Black Carbon by 11 kilotonnes, and PM2.5 by 13 kilotonnes by 2030. Additionally, the paper maps the activities of development partners, finding they primarily focus on the 'Guidance of Search' and 'Creation of Legitimacy' functions of innovation systems.

The proposal identifies significant governance, technical, and financial gaps that prevent sub-national governments in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) from contributing to their countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It proposes a 27-month program implemented by UCLG Africa to build local capacity, establish a 'Partnership Framework' for better coordination between national and local authorities, and develop a pipeline of high-quality climate projects using the Enhanced Direct Access (EDA) modality.

CIEL endorses the Special Rapporteur's findings that the climate crisis negatively impacts the right to housing, particularly for marginalized communities, and supports calls for international loss and damage compensation and debt suspension for vulnerable countries. The statement warns against 'green grabbing' and climate gentrification resulting from misguided mitigation and adaptation policies, urging that climate finance and national plans include safeguards to prevent forced evictions and arbitrary displacement.

The analysis examines sectoral GHG emissions per capita from 2000 to 2019 across 180 countries. It finds that while energy supply, buildings, and agriculture emissions per capita have decreased in over half of the countries, transport and industry emissions per capita have increased in more than half. Road transport is identified as a particular laggard, with per capita emissions increasing in nearly two-thirds of the countries.

The document examines the constraints of the current international finance architecture for Africa, noting that between 2016 and 2020, the continent received only $19.5 billion in climate funding against annual adaptation needs of $30-50 billion. It proposes that the G20 can bridge this gap by developing green finance taxonomies, promoting risk sharing through multilateral development bank guarantees, and facilitating carbon pricing. The author advocates for the use of debt-for-climate swaps to alleviate debt burdens while funding nature conservation and the expansion of Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs), citing the South African model. Additionally, the paper highlights the role of natural gas as a transition fuel and the importance of investing in the AFOLU sector, which contributed 56% of Africa's total emissions in 2016.

The document outlines a Readiness support project for Angola, implemented by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). It aims to address gaps in data, technical capacity, and strategic frameworks that hinder Angola's access to climate finance. The project focuses on two high-emission sectors: sustainable transport, with an emphasis on e-mobility, and AFOLU, using a nexus approach. Key deliverables include a national climate finance strategy, a national e-mobility strategy, a Green Growth Potential Assessment, and the development of two bankable project concept notes for GCF submission. The project also includes regional and global knowledge exchange to share best practices in e-mobility.

The document outlines a readiness project to enhance Lao PDR's access to climate finance by accrediting two national financial institutions. The project focuses on capacity building, institutional gap analysis, and knowledge sharing to enable these entities to provide on-lending and blending fiduciary services. It includes technical assistance to meet GCF standards, the development of a project pipeline, and an international learning visit to other successful DAEs in Southeast Asia.

The document identifies a significant financing gap for Colombia's climate goals and argues that a Just Transition requires dedicated investment in labor retraining, social protection, and regional diversification. It analyzes the current distribution of climate finance—dominated by public resources (67%)—and suggests leveraging innovative tools like sovereign green bonds and carbon tax revenues to ensure stability and equity in the transition.

The first progress report on Albania's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) reveals a low overall completion rate, with only 15% of the 118 planned adaptation measures completed between 2019 and 2023. Implementation was significantly delayed by the 2019 earthquake and the COVID-19 pandemic. While 69% of measures saw some advancement, 22% had not yet started, particularly in areas concerning monitoring systems, irrigation, and agriculture. The NAP is estimated to cost approximately ALL 11 billion (EUR 80 million), with a high proportion of measures rated as medium or high complexity. The report identifies critical gaps in institutional knowledge, human resources, and sustainable national financing, noting a heavy reliance on international donors. Despite these challenges, the report highlights successes in revitalizing the Inter-Ministerial Working Group on Climate Change and mainstreaming climate considerations into the National Strategy for Development and Integration (NSDI) and the revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).