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The document advocates for the inclusion of mobile CO2 transport modalities—such as ships, barges, rail, and trucks—within the TEN-T Regulation to reduce investor risk and ensure equitable access to carbon storage sites across the EU.

This document is an 'ANNEXURE 3 ANNUAL REPORTING Category A reporting' form submitted by ArcelorMittal South Africa Limited on 30 April 2019, detailing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the year 2018.

This document is a Pollution Prevention Plan (PPP) Progress Report submitted by ArcelorMittal South Africa Limited (AMSA) to the South African Minister of Environmental Affairs on 29 March 2019. The report covers the period from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018, evaluating the company's actual greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions against the mitigation measures specified in its approved PPP.

The Climate Bonds Standard and Certification Scheme provides a globally recognised framework for labelling debt instruments, assets, and entities aligned with a 1.5°C pathway. Since 2012, it has certified over USD350bn of Use of Proceeds Green Bonds as of 30 September 2025. The scheme utilizes a network of Approved Verifiers to ensure climate integrity across various certification types, including Use of Proceeds, Asset, Entity, and Sustainability-linked debt. A 2025 update expanded the standard to include a Resilience Taxonomy for projects strengthening resilience to physical climate risks. Eligible sectors span energy, industry, transport, agrifood, and infrastructure.

The research paper evaluates nine climate policy scenarios to determine the most effective way to address carbon leakage in the EU ETS. Using the CASE II model, it compares full auctioning against various border adjustment (BA) and output-based allocation (OB) strategies. The findings suggest that while full auctioning leads to a leakage ratio of 10%, border adjustments are the most efficient at reducing this ratio, often resulting in negative leakage (spillovers) where emissions in the rest of the world actually decrease. Output-based allocations also reduce leakage but are less efficient than border adjustments and can lead to higher carbon prices.

The report evaluates Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs) as a financial instrument to reduce carbon-price risk for industrial companies in Germany, specifically within the steel, cement, and ammonia sectors. It finds that CCfDs can trigger investments in clean technologies at lower expected carbon prices than minimum carbon price schemes and can significantly reduce the net present value of government funding. The analysis suggests that combining CCfDs with other risk-reducing instruments, such as contracts for difference for renewable electricity, further lowers the necessary strike price. The report also discusses award mechanisms, arguing that negotiations may be superior to auctions for complex innovative projects to avoid 'low-balling' strategies and overcompensation.

The document identifies specific steel clusters in India—including Angul, Rourkela, Raigarh, Raipur, Jamshedpur, Durgapur, and Vizag—and assesses their CO2 emissions against available storage capacities in saline aquifers, coal fields, and basalt formations. It provides a comparative list of global operational CCUS projects and outlines the regulatory and financial support mechanisms for CCUS in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, and China.

The report examines the uneven progress of carbon pricing in Asia, contrasting the advanced emissions trading systems (ETS) in Japan and South Korea with the early-stage designs in Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It argues that while the EU CBAM poses a financial risk to exporters—particularly in the steel sector—the overall impact is limited and can be mitigated by implementing effective domestic carbon pricing and transitioning to cleaner production technologies. The document provides specific fee estimates for each country and recommends phasing out carbon offsets, implementing absolute emission caps, and shifting toward the auctioning of allowances to drive genuine decarbonisation.

The report argues that deep decarbonisation of EU energy-intensive industries requires a combination of process innovations, product shifts, and business model transformations. For chemicals, this involves transitioning to bio-based feedstocks and enhanced plastics recycling. In steel, the HIsarna process and a shift toward electric arc furnace (EAF) production from scrap are highlighted. For cement, the report emphasizes calcium looping carbon capture and storage (CCS) and clinker substitution. It concludes that public policy, specifically the EU ETS Innovation Fund, is essential to bridge the gap between demonstration and commercialisation of these technologies by 2030.

An open letter from various environmental and industrial organisations calling for a 68% reduction in ETS emissions, the phase-out of free allowances by 2030, and the use of CBAM as a replacement for carbon leakage protections to ensure the 'polluters pay' principle is upheld.

The document advocates for product-level emissions reporting in the steel sector to enable purchasers to make informed decisions that drive decarbonization. It highlights the significant difference in energy and emissions intensity between ore-based steel (average energy intensity ~21.4 GJ/t) and scrap-based steel (~2.1 GJ/t). While increasing the share of scrap-based steel is a key lever, the document notes that recycled scrap is projected to meet only half of overall steel demand by 2050, necessitating technological improvements in ore-based production, such as green hydrogen-based direct reduction. RMI provides a Steel Emissions Reporting Guidance to help steelmakers report emissions by production process, allowing them to demonstrate both incremental reductions via scrap use and transformational reductions via process changes and zero-emissions electricity.

The document argues that the steel sector can be almost fully decarbonised by 2050 through a combination of hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (HDRI), carbon capture and storage (CCS), increased steel recycling, and material efficiency. It warns that to avoid stranded assets and catastrophic climate impacts, new blast furnaces without CCS must not be added and existing ones must not be relined after 2025. Policy interventions are required to provide clean electricity and green hydrogen, create lead markets, and implement carbon pricing, with a suggested price of around US$70 to avoid 1.3 Gt CO2 of emissions by 2030. International cooperation, such as the Glasgow Breakthrough on Steel, is highlighted as essential because demand growth is primarily driven by developing economies in Asia.

The document argues that a low-carbon product standard for the U.S. steel industry, featuring an emissions intensity benchmark and tradable credits, can drive the adoption of abatement technologies. It recommends covering intermediate steel products (sheets, plates, bars, beams, pipes, and tubes) and including Scope 1, 2, and significant Scope 3 emissions in the benchmark. To prevent carbon leakage and protect competitiveness, the author suggests applying the standard to all steel products produced and sold in the U.S., including those from importers of upstream and downstream products. The paper emphasizes that while such a standard is a significant tool, a suite of complementary policies—including R&D funding, carbon pricing, and production tax credits—is necessary for full sector decarbonization.

The U.S. is leading global CCUS development, driven by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act, with over 120 projects in planning or construction. China is rapidly expanding its capacity, having commissioned its first million-ton project in 2022 and developing several large-scale demonstration projects. Both nations face significant barriers: the U.S. struggles with commercial bank financing and public perception, while China lacks a comprehensive regulatory framework and large-scale transport infrastructure. Under the Sunnylands Statement, the two countries aim to advance at least five large-scale cooperative CCUS projects each by 2030.

The document argues that the COVID-19 crisis is a critical window to shift from 'snapshot to transition thinking,' urging governments to use stimulus packages to accelerate future technologies like renewable energy while phasing out fossil fuels. It highlights a concerning trend where approximately 30% of global fiscal stimulus is directed toward high-environmental-impact sectors, often without sustainability conditions. The report advocates for a 'One Health' approach to prevent future zoonotic pandemics by protecting biodiversity, and calls for the integration of informal workers and urban poor into city-level recovery planning. Key recommendations include the elimination of fossil fuel subsidies, the implementation of 'do no harm' standards for bailouts, and increased financial support and debt restructuring for developing countries to facilitate a just transition.