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This research paper by the Center for International Environmental Law analyzes the inclusion of human rights language in the Cancun Agreements, specifically the Cancun LCA Outcome adopted at the UNFCCC 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) in December 2010. The author argues that while the agreements represent a significant step forward in recognizing the human rights implications of climate change and the obligations of State Parties, the language has not yet been fully operationalized and lacks explicit references to the obligations to "protect, promote and fulfill" human rights.

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This case study by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) details four lessons learned by LTS International while supporting the Government of Ethiopia in developing a programme pipeline document for the water sector to secure funding from the Green Climate Fund (GCF).

This policy brief examines the 'direct access' and 'enhanced direct access' modalities for the Green Climate Fund (GCF), analyzing the institutional capacities required for developing countries to manage climate finance independently. It draws on the experiences of the Adaptation Fund and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) to identify barriers to accreditation—such as fiduciary standards and project management track records—and provides recommendations for the GCF Board to streamline access and support country ownership.

This briefing by Benito Muller of Oxford Climate Policy provides recommendations for the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Board on how to allocate resources. Drawing on lessons from the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the author argues against a single unified allocation formula in favor of separate funding envelopes for different objectives to balance efficiency and equity.

This case study examines the landscape of climate change financing for cities in Indonesia, with a specific focus on the city of Kupang. It analyzes the availability of international, national, and local funds, identifies significant governance and funding gaps at the municipal level, and proposes the establishment of a local trust fund to better mobilize and manage climate finance for mitigation and adaptation.

The Sierra Club and Center for International Environmental Law submitted views to the Transitional Committee of the Green Climate Fund (GCF), arguing that country ownership and adherence to international environmental, social, and fiduciary standards are compatible. They propose a five-point policy framework for the GCF to ensure sustainable development, transparency, and the protection of vulnerable populations.

This fact sheet describes the Climate Finance Training Programme created by Financial Sector Deepening (FSD) Africa to address the green funding gap in Africa by building the capacity of policymakers, regulators, and financial experts to access climate funds and design financial products.

This briefing by the Institute for Security Studies argues that the Green Climate Fund (GCF) represents a critical opportunity to reform international climate finance by addressing systemic biases toward large-scale mitigation and a lack of gender-responsiveness. The authors emphasize that poor rural women, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, are disproportionately affected by climate change but remain underfunded due to structural discrimination and a preference for high-tech projects over community-level initiatives.

This briefing by the Institute for Security Studies examines the establishment and operational design of the Green Climate Fund (GCF), focusing on the tensions between developed and developing nations regarding governance, the role of the World Bank, and the influence of the private sector in climate finance for Africa.

This working paper by the World Resources Institute (WRI) analyzes the resource allocation approaches of 15 climate, environment, and development funds to provide design recommendations for the Green Climate Fund's (GCF) allocation system.

This technical note describes the World Resources Institute's (WRI) Climate Finance Calculator, a tool designed to determine countries' international climate finance contributions based on their economic capacity to pay and their emissions-based climate responsibility.