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This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the implications of the July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, specifically regarding environmentally harmful subsidies. It argues that the ICJ's findings transform the phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies from a political commitment into a legal imperative, potentially exposing states to international and domestic litigation.

This fact sheet describes the activities of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Energy Program, which provides guidance to authorities on transitioning to sustainable energy systems, reforming fossil fuel subsidies, and implementing international climate commitments.

This document is an annex to the 2018 update of 'India’s Energy Transition: Subsidies for Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy'. It details changes in subsidy policies since 2017 and introduces new summary tables for subsidies related to the Goods and Services Tax (GST), the Saubhagya electrification scheme, and electric vehicles (EVs) at both central and state levels.

This executive summary from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the evolution of energy subsidies in India from financial year (FY) 2014 to FY 2019. It evaluates the shift of public resources between fossil fuels, renewable energy, and electric vehicles, while providing recommendations to align public funding with a clean energy transition, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 crisis.

This February 2021 briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines Indonesia's energy policy landscape during the COVID-19 pandemic. It details the fluctuations in fuel and LPG subsidies, the government's strategic push for coal derivatives to reduce imports, and the challenges facing the renewable energy transition, including regulatory uncertainty and project delays.

This report evaluates the financial sustainability of Indonesia's electricity sector using the Financial Sustainability Electricity Sector (FSES) framework. It examines the state-owned utility PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), the role of government subsidies, the expansion of generation capacity through Fast Track Programmes, and the challenges of transitioning to renewable energy while achieving universal electricity access.

This guide, produced by the International Institute for Sustainable Development's Global Subsidies Initiative and the Institute for Essential Services Reform, examines the costs and benefits of energy subsidies in Indonesia. It details the mechanisms of subsidies for fuel, electricity, coal, and LPG, arguing that these measures primarily benefit wealthier citizens while creating fiscal vulnerabilities, discouraging clean energy investment, and encouraging illegal activities like smuggling.

This document provides an inventory of fossil fuel subsidies in Switzerland, based on the legal definitions established by the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability (ACCTS).

This November 2016 briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the role of Quebec in helping Canada meet its G7 commitment to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies by 2025. The document focuses specifically on consumption subsidies in Quebec, which it argues act as a 'negative price on carbon' and undermine the province's ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets.

This report by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) provides preliminary estimates of global energy subsidies by source for 2007, detailing the assumptions and calculations used for nuclear energy, renewable energy, biofuels, fossil fuels, and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).

This case study by the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines Argentina's efforts to reduce fossil fuel production subsidies, specifically focusing on the phase-out of oil production incentives while maintaining support for unconventional gas development in the Vaca Muerta field.

This case study by the International Institute for Sustainable Development details the Government of Canada's efforts to reform and phase out fiscal subsidies for fossil fuel exploration and development, primarily through the adjustment of tax expenditures between 2011 and 2022.

This case study examines the governance and progress of the European Union's efforts to phase out fossil fuel subsidies by 2020, specifically focusing on the mandatory removal of hard coal mining subsidies by 2018 and the broader goals for oil, gas, and coal.

This case study examines the evolution of India's Clean Energy Cess on coal production from 2010 to 2018, detailing its transition from a fund for renewable energy to a mechanism for state budget compensation.

This case study examines the use of consumption taxes on fossil fuels in Saudi Arabia, China, and South Africa to raise government revenue and support clean energy transitions.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the financial and environmental impact of butane gas subsidies in Morocco and proposes a 'swap' reform. This strategy involves reducing fossil fuel subsidies and reinvesting the savings into clean energy technologies, specifically solar pumping for agriculture and solar water heaters for households, to facilitate a socially acceptable energy transition.

This infographic from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) outlines ten key points regarding electricity subsidies in Indonesia, highlighting inefficiencies in targeting, the financial burden of subsidies, and the challenges of implementing reform.

This report summarizes a workshop hosted by the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) on June 23, 2009, regarding energy services within the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). The document outlines the challenges of liberalizing trade in energy services, the tension between universal electricity access and tariff levels for Independent Power Producers (IPPs), and the need for a regional integrated resource plan to reduce dependence on Western information and fossil fuels.

This briefing summarizes the third session of a Global Dialogue on responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis, focusing on energy transitions and industry bailouts. The document outlines strategies to ensure economic recovery is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement, emphasizing the need to prioritize green technologies over fossil fuels.