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This briefing discusses the implications of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change for Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), emphasizing that states must now implement climate-related provisions across different treaties in a systemic and integrated manner to ensure compliance with international law.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development analyzes the implications of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) advisory opinion on climate change, asserting that states now have a legal obligation to phase out environmentally harmful subsidies, particularly those for fossil fuels.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development explains that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change establishes a legal imperative for states to phase out fossil fuel subsidies and other environmentally harmful financial support.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines the implications of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) advisory opinion on climate change, specifically regarding climate adaptation. It asserts that adaptation is a binding legal obligation under international law and provides recommendations for states to demonstrate due diligence in preventing and remedying foreseeable climate harms.

This briefing from the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines the implications of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). It specifically focuses on the requirement for states to include end-use emissions from fossil fuels in their assessments to comply with international law and reduce legal risk.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines the implications of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, specifically regarding climate adaptation. It argues that adaptation is a binding legal obligation under customary international law and climate treaties, rather than a voluntary domestic policy choice, requiring states to exercise due diligence to prevent foreseeable climate harm.

This policy brief analyzes the July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, specifically focusing on how it transforms climate change adaptation from a voluntary domestic policy choice into a legally binding international obligation.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the implications of the July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). The document focuses on the ICJ's ruling that EIAs for fossil fuel extraction projects must now account for end-use emissions from the combustion of the extracted fuels, moving beyond previous focuses on operational emissions.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the implications of a July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) advisory opinion on climate change, specifically regarding Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). The document highlights the ICJ's ruling that EIAs for fossil fuel extraction projects must now account for end-use emissions (Scope 3, category 11), moving beyond just the emissions from extraction activities. It examines national and regional legal precedents, the subsequent influence on courts such as the European Court of Human Rights, and provides recommendations for states to update their legislation to mitigate legal risks.

This policy brief analyzes the July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, specifically focusing on how it affects the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). The document argues that the ICJ rejected the 'lex specialis' doctrine, ruling instead that climate obligations are integrated with other environmental treaties, human rights law, and customary international law.

This briefing note by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) analyzes the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) July 2025 Advisory Opinion (AO) on climate change. It specifically examines how the AO's findings on State obligations—including the duty to prevent harm, stringent due diligence, and the precautionary principle—can be used to challenge reliance on speculative climate interventions (such as geoengineering and carbon capture) and offset-based mitigation measures that may delay the phase-out of fossil fuels.

This briefing, published by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) and partners, provides a structured 'Litigation Note' to help legal practitioners apply the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) July 23, 2025, advisory opinion (AO) on States' obligations regarding climate change. The document focuses specifically on the legal frameworks for remedies and reparations, detailing how the ICJ AO clarifies State responsibility for internationally wrongful acts related to climate harm and how these findings can be integrated into domestic, regional, and international litigation against both States and corporate actors.

This litigation note, published by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) and its partners, provides a structured guide for lawyers to integrate the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) July 2025 advisory opinion (AO) on climate change into adaptation-related litigation. It distills the ICJ's findings on State obligations under climate treaties and human rights law, emphasizing the legally binding nature of adaptation planning and financial support for developing nations.

This litigation note, published by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) in February 2026, provides a guide for legal practitioners to integrate the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) July 23, 2025, advisory opinion (AO) on climate change into government framework litigation. It specifically focuses on 'Ambition Gap' and 'Implementation Gap' cases, detailing how the ICJ's findings on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), due diligence, and human rights can be used to challenge insufficient government climate policies.

This guide, published by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) in February 2026, provides a structured digest of key excerpts from the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) unanimous advisory opinion (AO) delivered on 23 July 2025 regarding States' obligations in relation to climate change. The document is designed as a practical tool for climate litigation practitioners to integrate the ICJ's normative clarity into domestic, regional, and international legal cases.

This policy brief by the African Future Policies Hub analyzes the implications of the July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change. The document argues that the ruling provides a legal and moral foundation to demand scaled-up climate finance, emphasizing the principles of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) and the necessity of reparations. It specifically links the ruling to the Baku to Belém (B2B) Roadmap and the financing of the third generation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) leading up to COP30.

This briefing by the Center for International Environmental Law analyzes a July 23, 2025, advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding States' obligations to address climate change. The ruling, adopted unanimously by 15 judges, establishes that States have binding obligations under international law to protect the climate system, phase out fossil fuels, and provide reparations for climate damage.

This fact sheet by the Center for International Environmental Law analyzes key arguments presented by States during the first week (December 2-6) of climate justice hearings at the International Court of Justice. It contrasts the positions of major polluting States against those of climate-vulnerable nations regarding the applicability of international law, human rights, transboundary harm, and reparations in the context of the climate crisis.

This guide by the Center for International Environmental Law provides negotiators and allies with a framework for leveraging a July 23, 2025, International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion (AO) during COP30. The document outlines the ICJ's findings that climate action is a legal duty and provides specific strategies for applying these legal obligations to COP30 agenda items, including finance, mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the implications of the July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, specifically regarding environmentally harmful subsidies. It argues that the ICJ's findings transform the phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies from a political commitment into a legal imperative, potentially exposing states to international and domestic litigation.