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This case study examines Platanera Rio Sixaola, S.A., a small independent banana plantation in Costa Rica founded by Volker Ribniger. Despite becoming the first banana plantation in the world to earn Eco-OK certification from the Rainforest Alliance, the company faced significant financial challenges in 1994, with production costs exceeding revenues. The document details the environmental impacts of traditional banana monoculture, the specific sustainable practices implemented by Platanera Rio Sixaola, and the market pressures exerted by the 'Big Three' multinationals and European Community import quotas.

This 1992 report by the Stockholm Environment Institute evaluates the technical, financial, and socio-economic impacts of rural electrification projects implemented by the Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO). The study finds that while electrification has provided substantial individual benefits—such as improved lighting and security—it has largely failed to achieve wider macro-economic goals, including the promotion of agro-industry and the reduction of deforestation. The report highlights severe financial losses in isolated diesel-powered areas, low supply reliability, and administrative weaknesses, recommending a restructuring of TANESCO's organization and a revision of tariff policies to improve sustainability.

The 'Regional Research Call – Africa START' document outlines a funding initiative managed by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) to support research on 'Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security' across Africa. The program focuses on the sustainability of ecosystem services, aiming to provide policy-relevant research, build regional research capacity, and facilitate knowledge sharing. The call is co-financed by the US National Science Foundation and the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) programme.

This factsheet outlines greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options for Pakistan's forestry sector, identifying five high-priority, cost-effective measures to reverse deforestation and increase carbon sequestration. It projects that forestry sector emissions will rise from approximately 10 MtCO2e in 2012 to 15 MtCO2e by 2030 under a business-as-usual scenario, while highlighting the potential for significant reductions through community management, conifer forest preservation, agroforestry, commercial plantations, and reforestation of degraded land.

This research paper analyzes public spending on climate change in Peru, specifically focusing on the Adaptation and Mitigation for Climate Change (AMACC) budget. The author argues that current spending trends and allocations are insufficient to meet Peru's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by 2030, noting a lack of territorial focus and a significant decline in funding in recent years.

This report evaluates the integration of REDD+ objectives into Indonesia's national development planning and the extent to which its legal and institutional reforms have improved the governance of land-based sectors. It highlights a gap between high-level climate policies and sector-specific development plans, noting that while REDD+ has catalyzed tools like the One Map Initiative and the Integrated Licensing System, institutional challenges persist due to the use of ad-hoc agencies.

This report, produced by the Global Canopy Programme and WCS Indonesia Program, evaluates the policy coherence and trade-offs within Indonesia's development agenda regarding water, energy, and food (WEF) security. Using a WEF nexus framework, the study identifies how competing demands for land and water resources can undermine climate mitigation targets and ecosystem services. It highlights gaps in cross-sectoral and multi-scale coordination, particularly between national goals and local government priorities, and recommends improving geospatial data through the One Map Initiative and utilizing Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) to better manage resource trade-offs.

This briefing note, produced by WCS Indonesia and the Global Canopy Programme, evaluates the coherence of Indonesia's water, energy, and food (WEF) security targets. It argues that while Indonesia aims for rapid economic growth and self-sufficiency, its 'business-as-usual' model of exploiting natural resources has led to severe environmental degradation, which now threatens the very security targets the government seeks to achieve. The document advocates for a WEF nexus approach to manage trade-offs between sector goals and forest conservation.

This research paper by the Center for International Environmental Law provides a comparative analysis of timber legality frameworks in five major importing markets: the United States, the European Union, Australia, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. It examines the scope, actor obligations, definitions of illegal timber, and enforcement mechanisms of these laws to identify effective legislative options for combating illegal logging and deforestation.

This report, prepared by Greenpeace and the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) as part of the ETO Consortium, examines the application of the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations (ETOs) to ecological destruction and climate change. It argues that states must be held accountable for human rights violations occurring outside their borders resulting from their own actions, omissions, or failure to regulate non-state actors, such as transnational corporations.

This briefing, produced by the International Indigenous Peoples’ Forum on Climate Change (IIPFCC) and the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), compiles the decisions and conclusions of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that reference Indigenous Peoples and traditional knowledge. It serves as a reference tool to remind State Parties of their commitments to respect Indigenous rights and integrate traditional knowledge into climate mitigation and adaptation policies.

This guide, published by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), provides local community leaders and indigenous peoples with information on human rights and legal tools to defend their interests within the context of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). It explains the REDD+ mechanism, its social and environmental safeguards, relevant international and national rights, and provides practical strategies for negotiation and reporting rights violations.

This guide, published by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) in May 2014, provides indigenous and local community leaders with information on human rights and legal tools to defend their interests during the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) initiatives.

This briefing argues that the UNFCCC is the appropriate venue for addressing international and transboundary drivers of deforestation and that doing so does not inherently violate World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations. The authors contend that joint action by UNFCCC Parties to reduce emissions from deforestation is consistent with both UNFCCC principles and WTO exceptions for environmental protection.

This research paper proposes a 'combined strategy' to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by integrating international marketable permits, emissions fees, and country commitments. The author argues that while industrial countries are the primary source of emissions, a successful global regime must balance the economic stability of industrial nations with the development needs and fairness concerns of developing countries.

This report chapter argues that secure tenurial rights are a fundamental prerequisite for successful community-based conservation (CBC). It contrasts the failures of state-owned 'public' tenure—which often leads to 'open access' degradation—with the effectiveness of community-based systems that derive legitimacy from local participants. The authors advocate for the state recognition of community perimeters to protect biodiversity and prevent the disenfranchisement of rural populations by domestic and international elites.

The Agrifood Transition Plan Assessment Framework, published by the Climate Bonds Initiative, provides guidance for financial sector stakeholders to evaluate the transition strategies of agrifood companies. It establishes a tiered assessment structure—categorizing companies as 'committed' or 'advanced'—across three pillars: ambition (performance targets), action (delivery strategies), and accountability (governance and reporting). The framework emphasizes a holistic approach that integrates climate mitigation with nature protection, social considerations, and the elimination of deforestation across the value chain.

This update report by the Climate Bonds Initiative examines the growth of green financial products and the role of blended finance in supporting green infrastructure investment in Indonesia.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the shift in Amazon deforestation from large-scale to small-scale clearings. It highlights how remote sensing-based monitoring, while effective at reducing large clearings, fails to detect areas of 25 hectares or less, leading landholders in states like Mato Grosso and Pará to adapt their practices to avoid detection.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and NAPC/PUC-Rio analyzes the shift in deforestation patterns in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2012. It highlights a transition from large-scale clearing to small-scale clearing, which is harder to detect via satellite, and argues for the need to tailor public policies to regional differences, specifically comparing Mato Grosso and Pará.