2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT

This document consists of two annexes. Annex 2 lists sustainability schemes for the mining and processing sectors, such as the ICMM Mining Principles and the ResponsibleSteel Standard, focusing on their requirements for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Annex 3 analyzes forest finance, estimating global needs between USD 45 billion and 460 billion annually to meet Paris Agreement goals, while contrasting 'green finance' (e.g., REDD+ funding) with 'gray finance,' including agricultural subsidies estimated between USD 378 billion and 635 billion per year and private finance to forest-risk commodity supply chains totaling USD 343 billion from 2010-2022.

• Global financial needs to protect, restore, and enhance forests at the scale and pace required by the Paris Agreement are indicatively estimated between USD 45 billion and 460 billion annually.
• Annual 'gray public finance' in the form of agricultural subsidies that may present risks to forests is estimated to range between USD 378 billion and USD 635 billion.
• Private finance provided to forest-risk commodity supply chains—specifically beef, soy, palm oil, pulp and paper, rubber, and tropical timber—totaled USD 343 billion cumulatively from 2010 to 2022.
• Various sustainability schemes for the mining sector incorporate the 'mitigation hierarchy' to manage biodiversity risks; examples include the ICMM's Mining Principles, MAC's Toward Sustainable Mining, and the ResponsibleSteel Standard.

APA

Forest Declaration Assessment (2023). 2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT. https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023Annexes2and3_low-res-1.pdf

Chicago

Forest Declaration Assessment. 2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT. 2023. https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023Annexes2and3_low-res-1.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Forest Declaration Assessment |title=2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT |date=2023 |url=https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023Annexes2and3_low-res-1.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{forestdeclarationassessment20232023, author = {{Forest Declaration Assessment}}, title = {{2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT}}, institution = {Forest Declaration Assessment}, year = {2023}, url = {https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023Annexes2and3_low-res-1.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }