2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT

This document consists of three annexes to the 2023 Forest Declaration Assessment. It details sustainability schemes in the mining sector, provides estimates for green and 'gray' forest finance, and discusses the implementation of green budgeting and risk assessment tools in the public sector.

• Several sustainability schemes target the mining and processing sectors to mitigate biodiversity loss. For example, the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) expects companies to avoid World Heritage Sites and achieve "no net loss of biodiversity", while the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA) requires social and environmental impact assessments and the "FPIC of Indigenous Peoples". Other standards, such as ResponsibleSteel and the Aluminum Stewardship Initiative (ASI), also utilize the "mitigation hierarchy" to manage risks to biodiversity and ecosystem services.
• Global forest finance needs to achieve Paris Agreement goals are estimated between USD 45 billion and 460 billion annually, though this is an "indicative figure" due to potential overlaps in sources. Cumulative public international climate-related mitigation finance for forests (2010–2021) is estimated at 9.5 billion, while public international REDD+ finance (2010–2022) is 6.9 billion.
• Significant 'gray finance'—funding that may present risks to forests—exists in the form of agricultural subsidies and private investment in high-risk supply chains. Annual government support to agricultural producers is estimated between USD 378 billion and 635 billion, with a high proportion tied to specific commodity production. Additionally, private finance to forest-risk commodity supply chains (beef, soy, palm oil, pulp and paper, rubber, and tropical timber) totaled 343 billion cumulatively from 2010 to 2022.
• Public sector tools for green budgeting are emerging, including green taxonomies implemented in 2022 by the EU and Colombia to identify projects with environmental objectives. Furthermore, financial regulators in countries such as the Netherlands, France, Brazil, Malaysia, and Chile are beginning to embed considerations of systemic risks posed by biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation into their decision-making processes.

APA

Forest Declaration Assessment (2023). 2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT. https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023Annexes2and3_low-res-1.pdf

Chicago

Forest Declaration Assessment. 2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT. 2023. https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023Annexes2and3_low-res-1.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Forest Declaration Assessment |title=2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT |date=2023 |url=https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023Annexes2and3_low-res-1.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{forestdeclarationassessment20232023, author = {{Forest Declaration Assessment}}, title = {{2023 FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT}}, institution = {Forest Declaration Assessment}, year = {2023}, url = {https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023Annexes2and3_low-res-1.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }