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The IISD database serves as a tool for estimating the financial performance of infrastructure assets by accounting for systemic costs and benefits often omitted in conventional assessments. It contains 2,057 entries across five categories: environmental externalities (1,059), social externalities (291), governance externalities (4), direct costs (192), and climate risks (511). The database covers infrastructure types including transport, energy, water management, materials management, building, mining, and nature-based infrastructures, and is used to support the SAVi simulation service and SAVi Academy training.

The report finds that 72% of Americans believe global warming is happening, with 59% attributing it to human activities. While 66% express worry and 64% believe it affects U.S. weather, there is a significant gap in understanding the scientific consensus, with only 22% aware that over 90% of climate scientists agree on human-caused warming. Personal experience with climate effects is reported by 46% of respondents, and a majority perceive extreme weather as a risk to their local communities.

The November 2019 survey indicates that 72% of Americans believe global warming is happening, with 59% attributing it to human activities. While 66% express worry and 64% believe it affects U.S. weather, social engagement remains low, as 59% rarely or never discuss the topic with family and friends. There is a notable gap in understanding scientific consensus, with only 22% aware that over 90% of climate scientists agree on human-caused warming.

The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Strategy 2020–24 focuses on bridging science, policy, and practice to address global sustainability challenges. The institute identifies three primary impact areas: reducing climate risk, promoting sustainable resource use and resilient ecosystems, and improving health and well-being. To achieve these, SEI employs a theory of change centered on changing agendas, enhancing capacities, and improving decisions. The strategy emphasizes the use of data science, the development of decision-support tools, and the implementation of programmatic hubs called 'Initiatives' to tackle specific issues like carbon lock-in and bioeconomy pathways. Operationally, SEI utilizes a distributed network of centres across five continents to ensure regional relevance and North-South/South-South knowledge exchange. The institute also commits to an environmental policy aiming to reduce its per capita carbon travel footprint by at least 25% between 2017 and 2024.

The document argues that while governments hold primary responsibility for climate policy, central banks and financial regulators (CBFRs) should actively use their powers to 'green' the financial system. It identifies systemic risks from 'brown' assets and the 'tragedy of the horizons,' where short-term financial metrics undervalue long-term climate risks. The briefing proposes a comprehensive toolkit for CBFRs, including the creation of a 'brown taxonomy,' mandatory climate disclosures, and the adjustment of risk-weightings and collateral haircuts to penalize carbon-intensive assets and reward green ones. It also suggests reforming quantitative easing (QE) and reserve management to move away from 'market neutrality' toward a model that supports sustainable investment.

The report finds that insurance markets in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Rwanda are underdeveloped, with low penetration and significant 'risk-protection gaps' for households and SMEs. While government-led health insurance has increased overall uptake, private insurance remains focused on large corporate risks and compulsory lines, which often lead to irrational price competition and poor consumer value. The authors argue that the sector's role as an institutional investor is limited by short-term balance sheets and a lack of long-term investment instruments. To unlock the potential of insurance for development, the report proposes six imperatives: proactive policy leadership, a transition to risk-based supervision, driving innovation through better data and regulatory tools, re-engineering compulsory products, improving risk management for SMEs, and incentivising long-term savings to support capital market development.

The paper argues that Zambia is caught in a 'commodity trap' and 'quiescence trap', where over-reliance on copper exports and a lack of economic complexity hinder broad-based growth. While copper production has improved social indicators like the Human Development Index since 2000, the country faces a severe fiscal crisis with government debt projected to reach nearly 150% of GDP by 2020. The author identifies policy volatility, specifically frequent changes to the Mineral Royalty Tax (MRT), as a primary deterrent to long-term investment and exploration. To overcome these barriers, the paper suggests replicating 'islands of effectiveness'—local-level collaborative governance models—such as the town of Kalumbila, which integrates mining with upstream and downstream linkages. Key recommendations include securing property rights, reducing the cost of doing business, and reversing the 5% concentrate import tax to fully utilise smelting capacity.

The document examines the material risks climate change poses to global supply chains and the current state of private sector adaptation. It argues that while companies recognize climate risks, they often misdiagnose them by focusing on exposure rather than underlying vulnerability. Using the cotton industry as a detailed example, the paper proposes a resilience framework based on six capital assets—natural, human, social, physical, financial, and political—and provides recommendations for companies to commit to science-based resilience strategies and gender-transformative empowerment of women workers.

CIEL advocates for detailed climate-related financial risk disclosures by California's public pension funds, arguing that such transparency is essential for fulfilling fiduciary duties to beneficiaries.

The document provides a framework for the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS) and the California State Teachers’ Retirement System (CalSTRS) to report on climate-related financial risks as required by SB 964. The authors argue that reports should include specific holdings by name and align with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations. They propose a detailed reporting approach across several sectors, including energy, transportation, materials, agriculture, and financial services, emphasizing the need to disclose emissions (including Scope 3), shareholder engagement activities, and exposure to transition and physical risks.

The document examines corporate reporting on climate-related financial risks and opportunities based on 2018 CDP questionnaire data, noting increased scrutiny from investors and regulators following extreme weather losses and technological shifts.

The report evaluates the N’Diaye wind farm in Senegal using the SAVi tool, which incorporates externalities and climate risks into financial modelling. While traditional analysis suggests coal is the cheapest option, a holistic cost-benefit analysis reveals that wind energy is the most favourable choice due to lower environmental impacts, higher employment generation, and the avoidance of significant social costs of carbon. HFO is found to be financially non-viable across all scenarios.

The report evaluates the Taïba N’Diaye wind farm in Senegal, comparing it to coal and heavy fuel oil (HFO) power generation. Using the SAVi methodology, it finds that while coal appears cheaper in conventional financial analyses, the wind farm is the most beneficial option when accounting for climate risks and external effects. The wind farm minimizes environmental impacts, maximizes socio-economic benefits such as job creation, and achieves a lower integrated Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) than the fossil fuel alternatives.

The report examines the failure of current conservation finance to meet global needs, noting that only USD 50-53.4 billion is raised annually against a need of USD 150-440 billion. It identifies structural barriers such as low returns, high risk, and financial short-termism (the 'Tragedy of the Horizon'). The author proposes a systemic shift using natural capital accounting, mandatory corporate disclosures, and the active involvement of central banks and state investment banks to internalize environmental externalities and redirect capital toward sustainable activities.

The April 2019 survey reveals that 69% of Americans believe global warming is happening, with 55% attributing it primarily to human activities. While 62% express worry and 64% consider the issue personally important, social engagement remains low, as 63% rarely or never discuss it with family and friends. Public perception of risk is highest for future generations (69%) and plant/animal species (71%), while 38% believe people in the U.S. are being harmed 'right now.' The report also highlights a gap in scientific literacy, with only 17% aware that over 90% of climate scientists agree on human-caused warming. Americans primarily conceptualize global warming as an environmental (75%) and scientific (69%) issue, and 60% believe it is currently affecting U.S. weather.

The document introduces a report focusing on the actions of companies involved in the Indonesian palm oil value chain, utilizing data from CDP's global disclosure platform to help investors and purchasing organizations drive accountability and deforestation-free outcomes.

The report examines the challenges facing sustainable investing due to substandard ESG data, highlighting issues such as lack of standardization, poor coverage, and a specific inability to quantify physical climate risks. Based on interviews with investment practitioners managing $5.2 trillion in assets, it argues that while disclosure frameworks like TCFD and SASB are improving the landscape, investors still lack the granular asset-level data and standardized methodologies required to translate sustainability metrics into financial materiality. The document proposes several solutions, including the development of a Physical Resilience Protocol and the use of geospatial data to fill context gaps in corporate reporting.

The paper identifies that the EU's global connectivity via people, capital, and goods exposes it to climate risks originating outside its borders. It finds that many EU countries exceed global averages in exposure related to trade openness, globalization, asylum, and transboundary water dependency. To address these risks, the authors introduce a typology of cross-border impacts and highlight the need for improved supply chain modelling and the application of existing cohesion and external action mechanisms to build resilience.

The report proposes a three-year plan to transition Canada from voluntary to mandatory climate-related financial disclosure by 2021, aligning with TCFD recommendations. It highlights a market failure where Canadian clean technology firms face significant capital barriers and negative retained earnings, while the oil and gas sector carries substantial undisclosed 'tail risks' relative to global carbon budgets. The author recommends updating federal and provincial laws, such as the Canadian Business Corporations Act, and suggests that Canada align its sustainable finance frameworks with emerging EU taxonomies to diversify trade and attract international capital.

Colombia is developing a National Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system for climate change adaptation to support its National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (PNACC). Initial efforts led to the creation of the National Indicator System for Adaptation to Climate Change (SNIACC), which identified 34 indicators across seven categories. However, the government is now redesigning the system to move beyond vulnerability tracking toward measuring the efficiency of adaptation actions, tracking NDC commitments, and integrating data across national and subnational levels.