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The report traces the history of international climate policy, highlighting the shift from the 'top-down' prescriptive approach of the Kyoto Protocol to the 'bottom-up' voluntary system of the Paris Agreement. It examines the central role of the 'common but differentiated responsibilities' (CBDR) principle and the challenges of ensuring the participation of major emitters while maintaining equity for developing nations. The text concludes that while the regime has grown in complexity and universality, current collective emission reduction promises remain insufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.

The document argues that the effectiveness of global climate finance depends on democratic governance at the local level. It references experiences with the Adaptation Fund in Senegal, the Clean Development Mechanism in Chile, Thailand, the Philippines, and South Africa, and REDD in Brazil, Cameroon, Peru, and Tanzania to illustrate governance challenges and best practices.

Peru's NAP/NDC on adaptation aims to reduce vulnerability and integrate adaptation into sectoral and territorial planning. The framework prioritizes sectors such as water, agriculture, and fisheries, while employing cross-cutting approaches including intergenerational and intercultural perspectives. The process is designed as a multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder effort to establish a state policy based on scientific evidence for the benefit of citizens.

The Climate Justice Movement (CJM) in Kenya is a decentralized coalition of civil society, grassroots organizations, and indigenous groups working to address unequal climate impacts. While the movement has successfully influenced policy and established a strong grassroots presence, it faces challenges including internal leadership disputes, limited funding, and coordination gaps. The study highlights the importance of the Financing Locally Led Climate Action (FLLoCA) program and the need for better gender mainstreaming and technical capacity building to ensure equitable climate action.

The policy brief argues that Colombia's current climate-financial governance is limited to acute physical risks and the redirection of capital, leaving a gap in the management of chronic physical and transition risks. It proposes a roadmap based on the Helsinki Principles and international best practices from countries like China and Chile to integrate climate risks into the mandates of the Ministry of Finance and Credit and the Financial Superintendence of Colombia. The proposed roadmap consists of four components: institutional coordination, climate risk management, financial instruments and markets, and monitoring mechanisms.

The document outlines the shift from TCFD to IFRS S2 (NIIF S2), emphasizing that IFRS S2 does not merely replace but expands TCFD recommendations. Key changes include a requirement for greater granularity in governance disclosures, the introduction of formal transition plans in strategy, more detailed risk and opportunity management processes, and the mandate for industry-specific metrics based on SASB standards. It also specifies stricter requirements for GHG emissions reporting across Scopes 1, 2, and 3, and more rigorous documentation for climate goals, including third-party verification.

The document provides a comprehensive analysis of carbon pricing mechanisms, specifically carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETS), within the Brazilian context. It evaluates international experiences, such as the EU ETS, to demonstrate that while short-term costs increase, long-term benefits include fostered innovation and business growth. The report details various macroeconomic studies on Brazil, suggesting that the negative impacts of emission restrictions can be minimized through revenue recycling and technological progress. It emphasizes the importance of Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) and recommends that the Brazilian government establish a transparent climate governance structure. For companies, it suggests incorporating climate change into corporate strategy and adopting internal carbon pricing as a risk management tool.

The document outlines a framework for developing an international climate change regime, defined as the collective of international, national, and sub-national institutions and actors. It analyzes various proposals based on five key design issues: increasing ambition both within and outside the UNFCCC, sharing mitigation efforts, tracking country performance, and the legal form of future agreements. Each approach is evaluated against the criteria of adequacy, equity, and implementation, with the authors noting that these approaches are intended to be complementary.

The document argues that technical capacity and economic wealth are insufficient to ensure ambitious climate action, as 'political will' is often obstructed by vested interests. It proposes a systematic assessment of political and institutional contexts, ideologies, and narratives to help stakeholders build political power and develop strategies for enacting durable, ambitious policies. The guide specifically addresses the needs of multi-sector national coalitions facing challenges in cross-sector coordination, accountability systems, and policy monitoring.

The document argues that the modalities, procedures, and guidelines (MPGs) for the enhanced transparency framework under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement must be designed with a clear understanding of their interconnectedness with other provisions of the Agreement to ensure they are coherent, efficient, and mutually reinforcing.

The document addresses the lack of standardized evaluation tools for intergovernmental climate initiatives, particularly those launched at UN climate conferences. It argues that while government cooperation is essential for mitigation and adaptation, current assessment tools are limited because they often focus on non-state actors or static outputs rather than an initiative's evolution. To resolve this, the paper introduces a framework that tracks initiatives through three stages—initial pledges, emerging efforts, and established initiatives—evaluating them based on complementarity, governance, implementation, and transparency.

The document provides a summary of Party submissions to the AWG-LCA from April 2010 through November 2010, focusing on transparency, review of actions, measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), governance, and finance sources. It notes that the summaries represent WRI's interpretation of a selection of submissions and exclude those related to the Copenhagen Accord.

The document outlines a roadmap for REDD+ countries to establish national systems that protect biodiversity and the rights of local people while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation. It proposes a four-part framework consisting of goals, functions, rules, and institutions to manage social and environmental risks. The report emphasizes that governments should first assess existing rules and institutions to identify gaps before creating new laws or agencies, noting that the specific design of these systems must be tailored to national circumstances.

The document addresses the difficulty of determining if current national climate actions are sufficient to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions targets while ensuring a just transition. To resolve this, it introduces a 'Framework for Net-Zero Climate Action' that outlines outcomes, enabling action areas, and specific actions. The paper utilizes five country case studies to demonstrate how governments are implementing governance measures, stakeholder engagement, sectoral policies, and financing to overcome implementation challenges and move toward their midcentury targets.

The paper examines how tailored governance and institutional arrangements are essential for effective long-term climate and development planning. It analyzes various country experiences to identify common and diverse approaches to implementing long-term strategies (LTSs) as encouraged by the Paris Agreement. To assist policymakers, the document provides a checklist of key questions covering process initiation, institutional structures, communication, review procedures, and international cooperation to identify gaps and strengthen governance.

The report analyzes the challenges and enablers of climate assemblies, arguing that their effectiveness depends on early design decisions and their integration into formal policymaking to move beyond one-off processes.

The report analyzes the successes and failures of weapons and trade regimes to provide insights for climate negotiators aiming to limit global temperature increases to 1.5–2 degrees Celsius. It emphasizes that achieving a near-zero-carbon economy by 2050 requires sustained political engagement to resolve conflicts regarding cost, equity, and environmental rigor, specifically concerning emission targets, measurement standards, and verification mechanisms.

The document argues that REDD+ programs must integrate legal, financial, and reputational accountability tools to ensure governments meet social and environmental objectives beyond greenhouse gas emission reductions. Drawing on case studies from Brazil and Indonesia, it identifies three primary functions of accountability tools: facilitating negotiations for reform, protecting people and the environment during policy implementation, and enabling the enforcement of agreed rules. The author suggests that REDD+ designers should explicitly include civil society in monitoring and oversight roles and build upon existing, effective laws rather than layering new programs over ineffective ones.

The paper introduces a framework to evaluate whether passive investment funds are aligned with the Paris Agreement, finding that none of the 35 analyzed funds fully met the criteria. The analysis reveals significant gaps in portfolio construction, particularly regarding deforestation exclusions, physical climate risks, and just transition themes. The author recommends that US asset managers, index providers, and financial regulators improve transparency and standards to ensure financial streams support a 1.5°C trajectory.

The paper examines the history of international climate cooperation since the early 1990s to identify ways to enhance the implementation of the Paris Agreement. It specifically analyzes the roles of science, equity, and leadership, while drawing lessons from the Kyoto Protocol's compliance committee, the Talanoa Dialogue, and the existing transparency framework to inform the application of the Paris Agreement's Rulebook.