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The document examines advanced geothermal energy, categorizing it as a 'risky bet' due to high capital costs and unproven large-scale reliability, despite its potential to provide carbon-neutral, dispatchable power and heat globally. It highlights three primary technologies: advanced geothermal (using hydraulic fracturing), closed-loop systems, and deep geothermal. While companies like Calgary-based Eavor Technologies and Fervo Energy are launching commercial projects in Germany and the US, the technology must significantly reduce costs—potentially by 90% by 2035 according to US Department of Energy goals—to compete with gas and nuclear power.

The document evaluates four public-private partnership models for restoring Brazil's public lands: forestry concessions, ordinary tenders, common public service concessions, and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). While forestry concessions are the current standard due to the Public Forest Management Law (LGFP), they are limited by strict contractual requirements and high risk for the private sector. The report suggests that ordinary tenders could be effective for planting in fully protected areas, while common concessions and PPPs could offer better risk-sharing and flexibility if forest restoration is legally classified as a public service. The authors recommend legally designating restoration as a public service, improving risk management training for public agencies, and creating a specialized entity to manage environmental assets like carbon credits.

The document discusses the outcome of the INC-5 plastics treaty negotiations in Busan, noting that while no deal was reached, there is momentum for a treaty addressing the entire plastics life cycle. It highlights the tension between countries seeking strong rules on production and consumption and oil-producing nations resisting such measures, while calling for an equitable and holistic global agreement in future sessions.

Brazil has implemented a series of public policies, most notably the ABC and ABC+ (RenovAgro) plans, to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and increase resilience. While the original ABC Plan exceeded its 2010-2020 goals, the more ambitious ABC+ Plan aims to cover 72.68 million hectares by 2030. However, a significant gap remains in financing, with only 6.2% of rural credit in 2022/23 dedicated to low-carbon investments. Recent 2023 regulations have tightened credit access by requiring stricter environmental compliance across all biomes. The authors argue that achieving climate goals requires increased rural credit and improved monitoring and verification of technology adoption.

The document examines policy incoherence regarding deforestation in Colombia, highlighting how vested interests in mining and agriculture, institutional rigidity, and a lack of community involvement undermine conservation efforts. While most policies show positive interactions, current mining laws and military strategies like Operation Artemisa create significant trade-offs and social conflict.

The document examines the feasibility of establishing green hydrogen-based ironmaking in developing nations to export green iron to developed markets. It analyzes technical and market hurdles, such as clean electricity supply and the 'green premium', while proposing commercial structures and financing requirements involving debt and equity to make such projects bankable.

The document analyzes the synergy between NAPs and NDCs, finding that while most countries show partial alignment, the 2025 NDC update offers a strategic opportunity to better integrate adaptation priorities, improve data quality, and attract international finance.

The report argues that COP29 failed to advance human rights-based climate action, citing a weak new climate finance goal, the operationalization of flawed carbon markets, and a restrictive civic environment in the host country. It highlights the removal of references to the right to a healthy environment and the lack of progress on just transition and gender justice, calling for stronger legal obligations and human rights safeguards in future UNFCCC processes.

The compendium details the legal arguments presented from December 2 to December 13, 2024, at the ICJ. It highlights a fundamental divide between climate-vulnerable nations and several high-emitting States. Vulnerable nations, including many Small Island Developing States (SIDS), argue for a 'harmonious interpretation' of international law, asserting that obligations to prevent transboundary harm and protect human rights exist independently of and complement the Paris Agreement. They demand accountability for historical emissions and full reparations, including debt cancellation. Conversely, a minority of high-emitting States, such as the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia, argue that the UN climate treaty regime (UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement) is the exclusive source of State obligations, seeking to limit liability and reject the applicability of customary international law or human rights law to climate mitigation.

The report finds that 36% of subsidized rural credit in Brazil between 2020 and 2024 was directed to properties that deforested after 2009. Public banks and credit cooperatives are the primary providers of this credit, with some institutions showing high levels of exposure to deforesting properties. The authors argue for a complete dissociation of subsidized credit from any form of deforestation to meet Brazil's 2030 climate goals.

The document evaluates four legal frameworks for public-private partnerships in forest restoration: forest concessions, common tenders, common public service concessions, and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). While forest concessions are the current standard due to the Law on Public Forest Management (LGFP), the report argues that their rigid risk distribution and land category restrictions may hinder large-scale restoration. It proposes that common tenders are suitable for planting in strictly protected Conservation Units, while PPPs offer the most flexibility in risk sharing and financial support, especially for security and monitoring in high-risk Amazonian regions. The report emphasizes the need to legally characterize restoration as a public service to enable these alternative models and stresses the necessity of socio-environmental safeguards for Traditional Peoples and Communities.

The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) proposes a structured approach to create Climate Finance Roadmaps that match the risk profiles of specific regions and sectors with the preferences and capacities of public and private investors. The framework moves from identifying financing gaps and assessing investment risks to determining the necessary capital mix and estimating future finance flows. It aims to provide actionable guidance for policymakers and capital allocators to mobilize finance at scale, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) and underserved sectors like agriculture and industry.

India's tracked green finance for mitigation reached INR 3,712 billion (USD 50 billion) per annum in FY 2021/22, a 20% increase from 2019/20. However, this represents only approximately 30% of the annual finance needed to meet the country's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Mitigation finance is primarily domestic (83%), with clean energy receiving the largest share (47%). Adaptation finance saw a nearly threefold increase to INR 1,092 billion (USD 15 billion) per year, dominated by government budgetary expenditure (98%) and focused on disaster risk management. The report highlights significant investment gaps, particularly in electric vehicles and on-farm agricultural adaptation, and recommends the development of a green finance taxonomy and enhanced private sector mobilization.

The report details a comprehensive methodology for mapping green finance in India, defining the scope of 'green finance' to include climate finance and environmental objectives like biodiversity and resource conservation. It establishes a framework for categorizing financial flows by source (domestic/international, public/private), instrument (grants, debt, equity), and sector (clean energy, energy efficiency, clean transportation, and climate adaptation). The methodology employs a variety of data sources, including government budgets, OECD CRS, and project-level databases, while applying specific assumptions such as a 70:30 debt-to-equity gearing ratio and the use of Rio Markers for international public finance. A significant portion of the document is dedicated to the granular classification of on-farm agricultural adaptation activities, categorizing government schemes into 'absolute', 'lower bound', and 'upper bound' based on their adaptation relevance.

The report finds that climate ambition among public development banks (PDBs) is plateauing and highly polarized. While some institutions have adopted comprehensive Paris alignment and net-zero targets, over half of the 170 tracked PDBs show limited-to-no ambition. This divergence is closely linked to enabling factors: high-ambition PDBs typically benefit from supportive government policies, developed financial systems, and active membership in multi-institutional networks. Conversely, minimally ambitious PDBs often operate in contexts with weak policy support and underdeveloped investment pipelines. The report concludes that ambitious PDBs generate higher volumes of climate finance as a share of assets and recommends leveraging multi-institutional networks to lift less ambitious banks toward leading standards.

A joint letter from various organisations calling for a 'people first' approach to EU ETS revenues, recommending stricter earmarking rules to prevent fossil fuel lock-in, the phase-out of free allowances for polluters, and the expansion of the Social Climate Fund to protect vulnerable citizens from ETS2 costs.

The policy brief, resulting from the CO2ol Down co-creation project, argues for a clear distinction between temporary biogenic sequestration and permanent carbon dioxide removals (CDR). It recommends that the EU set legally binding, transparent targets for permanent removals in addition to emissions reduction targets, aiming for net-negative GHG emissions by 2055. The brief proposes a governance framework involving EU-level oversight of CO2 transport and storage, member state-level procurement via reverse auctions or contracts for difference, and a financing model based on the 'Polluter Pays' principle. It emphasizes a portfolio approach to diversify removal methods and strict sustainability criteria, including the requirement that CDR activities be powered by additional renewable energy sources.

The Council on Strategic Risks outlines a phased implementation plan—spanning 'Day One', the 'First 100 Days', and 'Year One'—to strengthen US nuclear infrastructure and leadership. Key proposals include tripling nuclear energy capacity by 2050, deploying at least ten small and micro reactors for military base resilience, and establishing domestic uranium enrichment to end dependence on foreign state-owned materials. The blueprint also calls for the US to lead efforts to ensure multilateral development banks provide financial support for nuclear projects to meet the COP28 tripling pledge.

The Climate Investment Planning and Mobilization Framework, developed by the NDC Partnership and the Green Climate Fund, outlines a six-stage process to bridge the gap between climate planning and implementation. It is structured into two main pillars: Investment Planning (Stages 1-3) and Finance Mobilization (Stages 4-6). The framework emphasizes the integration of financial planning with policymaking, the use of evidence-based decision-making, and the creation of enabling environments to attract public, private, and blended finance. It highlights the critical role of central coordination, stakeholder engagement, and iterative feedback loops to ensure that climate investments are socially just, sustainable, and aligned with Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), and Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategies (LT-LEDS).

Brazil has implemented a series of public credit policies, most notably the ABC Plan and its successor ABC+ (RenovAgro), to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase agricultural resilience. While the original ABC Plan (2010-2020) exceeded its targets—reducing 193.67 million Mg of CO2eq—the current ABC+ Plan sets more ambitious goals for 2030, including recovering 30 million hectares of degraded pastures. However, data from Agroicone indicates that only 6.2% of total rural credit in 2022/23 was directed toward low-carbon investments. Since 2023, access to credit has become more restrictive, requiring strict environmental compliance across entire properties, including the mandatory Rural Environmental Registry. The authors argue that Brazil must increase the volume of available rural credit and improve the monitoring of technology adoption to meet its climate goals.