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ClientEarth advises a UK pension scheme's trustees to cease providing bond capital to energy companies unless they have credible net-zero transition plans and enforceable bond covenants. The letter asserts that climate change represents a material financial risk—including physical, transition, and litigation risks—that trustees must manage to meet their legal fiduciary duties and protect beneficiaries' interests.

The report outlines the development of certification criteria for electrical utilities to ensure their financing aligns with the Paris Agreement. It establishes a global emissions intensity transition pathway based on the IEA Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2050 scenario, targeting near-zero emissions for the power sector by 2040. The criteria distinguish between existing capacity, which must follow phase-out or retrofitting benchmarks, and new capacity, which must be low-carbon as no new fossil fuel plants are eligible. It also details specific thresholds for non-combustion emissions in hydropower, geothermal, and bioenergy, and sets requirements for decarbonization measures like Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and hydrogen co-firing.

The report examines the intersection of Africa's industrialization goals under the AfCFTA and the global shift toward sustainability. It highlights that while Africa contributes minimally to global emissions, adopting green practices early can provide a competitive advantage and safeguard market access against regulations like the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. However, the continent faces massive financial shortfalls, including an annual trade finance gap of USD 81 billion and a USD 90 billion gap for energy transition. The author proposes a synergy of climate and trade finance through Green Bonds, Public-Private Partnerships, and a 'Sustainable Trade and Investment Code' to guide the transition without creating punitive barriers for SMEs.

The document explains the eligibility and certification process for Low Carbon Buildings Bonds, detailing the pathways to achieve net-zero by 2050 and the specific requirements for new and existing buildings. It outlines the use of trajectories and proxies to measure emissions intensity and highlights new 2023 requirements for new buildings, including the prohibition of fossil fuels and mandatory Whole Life Carbon Assessments.

The document analyzes the green agricultural policies and financial markets of China and Brazil, highlighting the strategic importance of soy and beef in their bilateral trade. It identifies a divergence in focus, with China prioritizing technical production efficiency and pollution control, while Brazil focuses on land-use change, deforestation, and livestock management. The report recommends that Brazil develop a national taxonomy combining 'white list' and 'technical screening' approaches and suggests seven specific actions for China-Brazil collaboration, including the creation of a joint green agriculture fund and the harmonization of sustainable production standards for key commodities.

The report analyzes the green agriculture landscapes of China and Brazil, highlighting their strategic trade partnership and shared climate challenges. It contrasts China's focus on production technology and pollution control with Brazil's emphasis on land use, deforestation, and livestock management. The document proposes a framework for Brazil to develop its own sustainable taxonomy and suggests seven action points for the two nations to establish a common green agriculture classification standard to facilitate cross-border capital flow and sustainable commodity value chains, particularly for soy and beef.

The report analyzes the green agriculture policies and finance markets of China and Brazil, emphasizing the strategic importance of their bilateral trade in soybeans and beef. It identifies a need for harmonized green taxonomies to reduce transaction costs and prevent greenwashing, providing specific recommendations for Brazil's upcoming sustainable taxonomy and a framework for bilateral cooperation.

The report identifies 22 systemic barriers to net zero carbon buildings, categorized as financial, investment risk/opportunity, market readiness, and regulatory. Using network analysis, it establishes that financial barriers are the most critical from a demand perspective but are often dependent on the mitigation of regulatory and market readiness barriers. The authors map 31 policy and 44 financial instruments, categorizing them into fundamental inputs (such as capacity development and fiscal instruments) and dependent inputs (such as debt instruments and asset finance models). The report highlights five high-impact pathways for cities: phasing out fossil-fuel appliances, implementing energy efficiency building codes, deploying results-based grants for cooling, using skills development for embodied carbon reduction, and publishing climate risk data for adaptation. It emphasizes that mandates are central to the transition, as they enable the development of new financial mechanisms.

The report argues that while healthcare facilities in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa face severe energy deficits and climate vulnerabilities, there is a strong climate rationale for investing in low-carbon and resilient technologies. It identifies various climate finance sources—including bilateral finance, multilateral funds, private foundations, carbon/REC markets, and green bonds—and analyzes the barriers to accessing these funds, such as high transaction costs for small-scale projects and limited local technical capacity. The document proposes a programmatic approach to aggregate facilities to achieve economies of scale and recommends integrating energy, health, and climate expertise to mobilize the necessary capital.

The report argues that while healthcare facilities in LMICs face significant energy deficits and climate vulnerabilities, climate finance can bridge the funding gap for low-carbon and resilient infrastructure. It identifies US$ 4.9 billion as the requirement to electrify two-thirds of healthcare facilities across 63 countries. The document outlines a diverse landscape of finance sources—including bilateral, multilateral, and carbon markets—and provides a roadmap for non-governmental partners to overcome barriers such as high upfront costs and limited local capacity.

The report argues that MDBs must shift from a project-by-project approach to national sectoral platforms and adopt an 'originate-to-distribute' business model to better mobilize private capital. It recommends expanding risk-sharing instruments, such as guarantees and local currency financing, and standardizing KPIs and investment labels to reduce transaction costs and improve transparency for climate investments in EMDEs.

Kenya is highly vulnerable to climate change, with adverse events causing annual socioeconomic losses of 3–5 percent of GDP between 2010 and 2020. While some crop yields may increase due to CO2 fertilization and higher elevations, the livestock sector faces significant risks from heat stress and drought, particularly in arid and semi-arid lands. The report highlights critical vulnerabilities in hydropower, tourism, and coastal infrastructure, while noting that the government is a regional leader in policy but struggles with financing and subnational coordination. Recommendations focus on granular climate scenario analysis, diversifying agriculture, improving agricultural insurance, and mobilizing large-scale funding through ARIPs.

Climate change is projected to increase temperatures and decrease rainfall in Zambia, particularly in the south and west, threatening food security, energy stability, and transport infrastructure. The report highlights that maize yields could drop by over 9% by 2050 under high emissions scenarios, and hydropower generation—which provides 85% of installed capacity—is highly vulnerable to drought. Road infrastructure is also at risk, with flooding in Lusaka and the north potentially disrupting trade and supply chains. While the Zambian government has integrated climate goals into its Eighth National Development Plan and is developing a National Adaptation Plan, significant barriers remain, including severe debt distress and limited technical capacity. The report recommends a programmatic approach to funding via ARIPs to mobilize the estimated US$50 billion needed by 2030, emphasizing region-specific agricultural adaptation and the diversification of the energy mix.

The guide outlines a five-step process for corporates to issue transition-linked bonds: building a credible transition plan, selecting a thematic label, creating a sustainable financing framework, executing the bond issuance, and conducting post-issuance reporting. It emphasizes the necessity of science-based, 1.5°C-aligned decarbonisation pathways and the integration of social safeguards to ensure a just transition. The document details the differences between Use of Proceeds (UoP) bonds and Sustainability-Linked Bonds (SLBs), providing criteria for selecting material Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Sustainability Performance Targets (SPTs). It also highlights market trends, such as the 'greenium' (cheaper pricing for labelled debt), and warns against greenwashing risks associated with non-transparent frameworks or carbon lock-in activities.

The report provides a toolkit for assessing corporate transition plans in Brazil's agri-food sector, using case studies of Syngenta and Amaggi to illustrate the application of the 'Triple A' (Ambition, Action, Accountability) framework. It highlights Brazil's significant role as a GHG emitter, primarily through land use and livestock, and outlines various sustainable finance instruments available to fund the transition to net-zero.

The global aligned GSS+ debt market reached a cumulative volume of USD 4.2 trillion by the end of Q3 2023, though year-to-date volumes declined by 10% compared to 2022. Green bonds remain the dominant theme, surpassing a cumulative USD 2.5 trillion milestone. In the Middle East and Africa (MEA), the market grew by 158% in 2023, driven largely by Saudi Arabia and the UAE, with a strong preference for green instruments and a recent increase in public sector issuance.

The study examines the interrelationship between climate change mitigation (CCM) and adaptation (CCA), arguing that integrating these actions can increase cost-effectiveness and leverage climate finance. It finds that while most analyzed countries (Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa) and Germany acknowledge co-benefits, they lack explicit, integrated implementation plans and face a significant funding imbalance, with mitigation receiving substantially more finance than adaptation. The report recommends a 'whole-of-government' approach, including green budgeting and standardized taxonomies, to better identify and fund synergistic projects.

Average annual climate finance reached nearly USD 1.3 trillion in 2021/2022, nearly doubling from 2019/2020 levels, though this remains only 1% of global GDP. Growth was primarily driven by mitigation finance in energy and transport, with significant concentration in China, the US, Europe, Brazil, Japan, and India. Adaptation finance, while reaching a record USD 63 billion, remains severely underfunded compared to the USD 212 billion annual need for developing countries by 2030. The report highlights a critical investment gap, noting that annual needs will increase to between $8.1 and $9 trillion through 2030, and over $10 trillion annually from 2031 to 2050.

The Net Zero Finance Tracker (NZFT) methodology establishes a system for monitoring how financial institutions transition from climate intentions to real-world results. It employs a three-dimensional assessment framework—Targets, Implementation, and Impact—using a combination of qualitative tiered badges and quantitative metrics. The current version focuses on 553 members of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), representing USD 85 trillion in assets. The methodology emphasizes transparency, concreteness, and ambition, utilizing data from approximately 30 providers to track indicators such as mitigation targets, TCFD disclosures, and project-level clean energy financing.

The document outlines the operational framework for tracking global climate finance, defining mitigation and adaptation finance, and establishing principles to avoid double counting and carbon lock-in. It details the financial instruments captured, the classification of public and private actors, and the data sources used. Additionally, it describes the methodology for estimating annual investment needs across sectors and the framework for calculating the economic and social costs of climate inaction.