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The report examines the digital footprint of 15 major Brazilian companies in the agribusiness, mining, and fossil fuel sectors, finding a wide disparity in the volume of sustainability communications. While all analyzed companies acknowledge climate change, the report identifies significant signs of greenwashing, including the use of vague language and green imagery to mask negative environmental impacts. It highlights a contradiction between corporate narratives—which frame these sectors as 'part of the solution'—and actual records, such as Petrobras, Vale, and Shell being among the top 10 companies most fined by Ibama between 2000 and 2025. Additionally, the report notes the use of targeted Meta advertising and influencer partnerships, particularly by Petrobras, to amplify sustainability messaging to younger audiences.

The document outlines the three-stage process of carbon capture and storage (CCS)—capture, transport, and storage—and argues that these technologies are essential for decarbonizing hard-to-abate industries like cement and natural gas processing. It highlights Colorado's significant geologic storage capacity, estimated at nearly 150 billion metric tons of CO2, and identifies the Denver Basin, Cañon City Embayment, Piceance, and Sand Wash basins as potentially suitable sites. Economically, the document cites Rhodium Group estimates that CCS deployment could create 1,060–1,580 operational jobs and nearly 400 transportation infrastructure jobs annually over 15 years. It also details financial incentives, including the federal 45Q tax credit (offering up to $180/ton for direct air capture) and state-level support via the Colorado Industrial Tax Credit Offering and the Clean Air Program (CAP). Finally, it addresses safety concerns, noting that EPA Class VI permits regulate storage to protect drinking water and that CO2 pipelines have a long safety record in the U.S.

The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) advocates for the inclusion of 'blue' hydrogen in the UK's sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) mandate, arguing that biofuels and 'green' hydrogen alone cannot meet the sector's energy demands or the 2030 target of 10% SAF. CATF asserts that 'blue' hydrogen is more scalable and cost-effective than 'green' hydrogen and can achieve comparable lifecycle emissions if high carbon capture rates and strict methane leakage controls are implemented. The document provides cost comparisons and estimates the significant renewable energy capacity that would be required if the mandate were met solely through 'green' hydrogen.

The US Renewable Fuel Standard increases demand for ethanol and biodiesel, leading to a higher proportion of US farmland being used for biofuel crops like corn and soybeans. Because global food demand remains constant, this displacement causes farmers in countries such as Brazil to convert grazing land to cropland, which in turn pushes ranchers to clear and burn forested land for livestock, releasing large volumes of CO2.

The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), expanded by the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote non-food cellulosic biofuels. However, a decade later, the mandate is primarily filled by corn ethanol and soy biodiesel, which together comprise approximately 85% of the RFS. These first-generation biofuels may have higher lifecycle emissions than the petroleum fuels they replace. While corn ethanol and soy biodiesel volumes meet or exceed targets, cellulosic biofuel production has struggled due to technological and economic hurdles, leading the EPA to reduce its annual volume requirements by more than 90% in recent years. The document concludes that the RFS is an ineffective climate policy and recommends that Congress reform it to target truly low-carbon fuels for hard-to-decarbonize transportation sectors.

The report assesses California's path to a net-zero carbon economy by 2045, specifically examining the necessity of 'clean firm power'—zero-carbon electricity that is available on demand regardless of weather. Using three different optimization models (RESOLVE, urbs, and GenX), the authors find that relying solely on wind, solar, and batteries would require nearly 500 GW of capacity and increase wholesale electricity rates by approximately 65%. In contrast, integrating 25-40 GW of clean firm power—such as nuclear, geothermal, or gas with carbon capture and storage (CCS)—can maintain costs similar to today's levels (around 9 cents/kWh) while significantly reducing the land and transmission infrastructure needed. The report concludes that a diverse portfolio of clean firm resources is the most cost-effective way to ensure grid reliability during extended periods of low renewable output, known as 'dunkelflaute'.

The transport sector in Pakistan is projected to see a 128% increase in greenhouse gas emissions between 2012 and 2030, rising from 35.4 MtCO2e to 80.7 MtCO2e. The document identifies several mitigation strategies, prioritizing efficiency norms for passenger vehicles, road-to-rail transfers, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems, and improved car maintenance. Efficiency norms for passenger cars, taxis, and vans are identified as the highest priority, with a potential reduction of 7.45 MtCO2e by 2030. Shifting freight and passengers from road to rail is another key strategy, though rail's share of freight has dropped to under 1%, with a national target of 20%. The expansion of BRT systems in cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, and Multan is also highlighted as a means to improve urban mobility and reduce emissions.

The report finds that while Indonesia's national development plans recognize the link between forest conservation and water, energy, and food security, significant implementation gaps and trade-offs persist. REDD+ has catalysed useful governance tools like the One Map Initiative and the Integrated Licensing System, but institutional efforts have been hampered by the use of ad-hoc agencies like BP REDD+. Furthermore, the report highlights that national food and energy targets, such as the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate, often conflict with forest conservation goals.

The document assesses the integration of renewable energy (RE) targets in Asian countries, highlighting national goals in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and China. It emphasizes that while RE technologies are feasible and market-oriented, their deployment in Asia is hindered by a lack of financing mechanisms and inadequate management capacity. The author argues for the use of legal instruments, South-South collaboration for 'appropriate' (small-scale) technologies, and innovative financing like revolving funds to overcome high upfront costs.

The report examines the tensions between Indonesia's ambitious water, energy, and food security targets and its climate and conservation commitments. Using a WEF nexus framework, it identifies how competition for land and water resources can lead to deforestation and undermine emissions targets. The analysis highlights gaps in cross-sectoral and multi-scale coordination, particularly between national mandates and local government priorities. Key recommendations include accelerating the One Map Initiative to resolve data inconsistencies, prioritizing Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) in spatial planning, and aligning fiscal incentives to support local governments in transitioning to sustainable development models.

The document argues that Indonesia's economic growth is threatened by environmental degradation, specifically deforestation and peatland fires. While water security is prioritised across sectors, the energy and agriculture sectors focus on built infrastructure rather than forest conservation. The report highlights that ambitious food and bioenergy targets risk further deforestation unless productivity is increased or degraded land is prioritised. Governance is complicated by a complex legal framework and a disconnect between national plans and local government implementation. A case study in Aceh demonstrates that increasing oil palm yields to national averages could meet production targets without further land conversion, whereas 'business-as-usual' scenarios would require converting 220,000 hectares of land.

The document advocates for a land-use framework in the post-2020 climate agreement based on four principles: rights, ambition, equity, and biodiversity. It warns that treating terrestrial carbon sequestration as fungible with fossil fuel emissions undermines climate ambition and risks human rights violations. The authors recommend separate targets for industrial and land-based emissions, the protection of tenure rights for indigenous peoples and local communities, and a per capita allocation of agricultural emissions to ensure global food security.

The report 'Toxic Accounts' by Clean Creatives examines how BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, and Shell shifted their marketing strategies from 2020 to 2024. The analysis finds that these companies moved away from net-zero ambitions and 'greenwashing' toward a strategy of 'fossil fuel dominance,' emphasizing energy security and the indispensability of oil and gas. The document details the use of 'false solutions'—such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), blue/gray hydrogen, and certain biofuels—to justify continued fossil fuel production. It highlights specific campaign evolutions, such as BP's shift from 'greening companies' to 'energy security' and ExxonMobil's 'Breaking Free' anti-EV campaign, arguing that these narratives delay the clean energy transition to prioritize short-term shareholder returns.

The document provides a framework for bioenergy issuers to achieve Climate Bonds Certification, detailing the pre-issuance, issuance, and post-issuance steps. It specifies eligibility criteria for bioenergy projects, emphasizing GHG emission thresholds, indirect land use (iLUC) risk reduction, and adaptation and resilience plans. The guide highlights Brazil's bioenergy market, mentioning the RenovaBio Programme and the first certified programmatic issuer for corn ethanol, FS Bioenergia.

The document outlines the Climate Bonds Standard and Certification Scheme, a voluntary labeling system designed to align financial investments with the 1.5ºC global warming limit. It details the three-step process for bioenergy bond certification—pre-issuance, issuance, and post-issuance—and specifies the eligibility criteria for bioenergy projects. These criteria include greenhouse gas (GHG) emission limits, indirect land-use change (iLUC) risk reduction, and climate resilience plans. The guide highlights Brazil's successful bioenergy programs, such as RenovaBio, and provides a case study of FS Agrisolutions Indústria de Biocombustíveis Ltda. regarding corn-based ethanol production.

The document outlines the Climate Bonds Standard and Certification Scheme, a voluntary labeling system designed to align financial investments with the goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It focuses on the Brazilian market, where transport is the third most financed taxonomy category for green bonds at 10%. The guide details a three-step certification process (pre-issuance, issuance, and post-issuance) and specifies eligible transport assets, including zero-emission rail, road public transport, and low-carbon infrastructure. It establishes strict mitigation thresholds, such as a limit of 50gCO2 per p-km for passengers by 2026, and explicitly excludes vehicles powered exclusively by biofuels or those primarily transporting fossil fuels.

The document contends that the modernized Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) remains incompatible with EU law and climate goals because it retains an unpredictable investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) system and continues to protect fossil fuel investments. It argues that the process for the new treaty to enter into force is uncertain and potentially protracted. Instead, the author proposes a coordinated withdrawal by the EU and Member States, combined with an 'inter-se agreement' to abolish the 20-year sunset clause, as the cleanest method to eliminate legal risks and provide the regulatory flexibility necessary for the energy transition.

The document argues that the proposed 35% environmental and climate spending target is insufficient and should be increased to 50%, while removing exemptions for defence and security spending. It identifies significant 'greenwashing' risks in Annex I, specifically regarding targeted support to farmers' income, military mobility, and critical raw materials extraction. The briefing provides a detailed technical reference document proposing changes to over 100 intervention fields, including the deletion of activities that violate the 'Do no significant harm' (DNSH) principle, such as hydropower, nuclear fission, and airport capacity expansion.

Quebec has successfully decoupled economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions, leveraging cheap hydroelectricity and a mature mining sector to foster transition-opportunity companies in electric vehicles and batteries. However, the province faces significant challenges, including high public debt (45% debt-to-GDP in 2020–21), workforce shortages in technical trades, and the need to rebuild trust with Indigenous Peoples to develop critical mineral projects. While Quebec attracts significant venture capital, its companies often raise less capital per investment stage than those in the US and the rest of Canada, facing stiff international competition from China and the US.

The document distinguishes between 'safe bets'—technologies available commercially without major implementation constraints—and 'risky bets'—solutions with uncertain prospects that could still be significant for carbon neutrality. It notes that safe bets provide the majority of reductions by 2030, while risky bets increase in importance by 2050.