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The document explains that biofuels are intended to reduce, rather than replace, fossil fuel use, particularly in hard-to-electrify sectors like aviation and shipping. It distinguishes between three generations of biofuels: first-generation (food-based), second-generation (waste-based), and third-generation (algae-based). While they can reduce emissions if produced sustainably, first-generation fuels can increase deforestation and biodiversity loss. The guide highlights regional production patterns in the Americas, noting Brazil's leadership in sugarcane ethanol and Colombia's role in palm oil biodiesel.

The annex outlines the framework for mapping public financial flows in India's energy sector from FY 2014 to FY 2024. It details new subsidies for electric vehicles, biofuels, and solar energy, while revising methodologies for coal and LPG support. The document also establishes a system for quantifying government receipts and the social and environmental costs of energy, including carbon pricing and health-related externalities.

The Clean Air Task Force contends that the Senate's version of the 45Z clean fuel production tax credit acts as a giveaway to mature biofuel industries while hindering the development of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and clean hydrogen. The authors argue that refocusing 45Z on advanced aviation fuels would reduce government spending and allow for the restoration of the 45V clean hydrogen production tax credit, which is essential for U.S. competitiveness against China in the global clean fuels market.

The report argues that the revision of the South Papua Provincial Spatial Plan (RTRWP) is being rushed and lacks transparency, primarily to facilitate National Strategic Projects (PSN) in food and bioenergy. This process involves the release and functional downgrading of over 700,000 hectares of forest, threatening 644,994 hectares of natural forest and 49 indigenous territories. The document highlights that bioenergy projects—including bioethanol, biofuel, and biomass—often prioritize exports over local needs and risk repeating past human rights violations. Furthermore, the plan overlaps with existing industrial forestry concessions (PBPH), suggesting a potential handover of land to corporations, and threatens High Conservation Value Areas (HCVA) essential for biodiversity and indigenous livelihoods.

Trend Asia warns that integrating biofuels into the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Global Fuel Standard would drive catastrophic environmental and social damage. The statement highlights that food- and feed-based biofuels, particularly those promoted by Brazil, are linked to land grabbing, deforestation, and life-cycle emissions that can exceed those of fossil diesel. It calls for the IMO to instead prioritize energy efficiency, wind assistance, and demand reduction to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.

The document examines Argentina's biofuel policies, noting that despite mandates for 5% biodiesel and bioethanol blends since 2010, the sector has not become a significant energy source or a tool for regional development. It argues that production is dominated by large soy-processing companies seeking export value, reflecting a lack of institutional commitment to shifting away from hydrocarbon-based energy and agro-export models.

The research examines jatropha-based bioenergy projects in Yucatan, Mexico, finding that the popular discourse promoting the crop as a tool for rural development and sustainability is flawed. Based on 70 interviews, the study concludes that these projects failed to provide significant social sustainability benefits and argues that bioenergy projects alone cannot achieve social sustainability without a comprehensive understanding of local socioeconomic problems.

The report presents findings from a nationally representative survey of 2,000 Indonesian adults conducted in 2025. While 73% of respondents report knowing little to nothing about climate change, 86% believe it is happening after receiving a definition. There is strong public support for clean energy policies, including a 79% favorability rate for banning new coal plants and an 83% support rate for the government's 2060 net-zero commitment. However, a gap exists between personal concern (88%) and actual engagement, with very few respondents having taken political action to address the issue.

The document analyzes the environmental impact of Indonesia's palm oil sector, noting a general decline in deforestation over the last decade despite continued production growth. It highlights that while zero-deforestation commitments are widespread, they have not significantly lowered deforestation intensity compared to non-committed exporters. The analysis also emphasizes the critical role of peatlands in driving the sector's greenhouse gas emissions and the shift in export markets toward China and domestic use.

The Clean Air Task Force asserts that diverting vegetable oils to the energy sector can create supply gaps filled by carbon-intensive palm oil, effectively bypassing the intent of section 45Z. It highlights that while palm oil is excluded from 45Z credits due to high lifecycle assessments—with CORSIA citing 76.5 to 99.1 g CO2e/MJ—its role as the cheapest global backfill for oils like soy oil can drive overall palm oil consumption. The document notes that Congress already banned palm fatty acid distillates (PFADs) for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to address these substitution impacts and urges the Treasury to apply similar rigor to all vegetable oil-based fuel carbon intensity calculations.

The global soybean sector, valued at USD 155 billion, is dominated by Brazil, the United States, and Argentina. While production has surged, it has driven significant deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado. Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSSs) like RTRS and ProTerra aim to mitigate these impacts, but their adoption remains low, representing only 1.6% to 2.3% of global production as of 2021. The report finds that VSS compliance offers limited financial incentives for most farmers, with premiums often being minimal or non-existent, though organic soy commands significantly higher prices. Climate change threatens future yields, necessitating the development of resilient cultivars and the establishment of deforestation-free supply chains.

OK Produce has transitioned from diesel-powered transport to a fleet that currently includes 10 electric trucks, three electric terminal tractors, and 12 electric cars, with seven more electric trucks planned. To ensure these vehicles are fully zero emissions, the company expanded its solar capacity from an initial 231 kW system in 2001 to 3.8 MW, which now powers 90 percent of its facilities. After two decades of incremental pollution reduction via biodiesel and efficiency upgrades, the company began experimenting with electric trucks in 2020. OK Produce also participated in the late 2023 Run on Less – Electric Depot event to share data on charging infrastructure, truck performance, and total cost of ownership to accelerate industry-wide electrification.

The document reveals that between 2015 and 2023, the Indonesian government distributed approximately Rp179 trillion in biodiesel subsidies to 29 companies across 15 corporate groups, with a heavy concentration of funds among a few large entities. It identifies 17 Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs)—including former high-ranking police, military, and judicial officials—within the ownership or management structures of these groups, specifically highlighting Jhonlin Group, Sinar Mas, and Wilmar. The report argues that the presence of PEPs may influence the allocation of subsidies and suggests a lack of transparency in the mandatory biodiesel program, while noting that the industry remains dominated by large palm oil corporations despite the subsidies being funded by export levies from the broader palm oil sector.

The document examines the GHG footprints of soy production, emphasizing that land-use change (LUC) is the primary driver of emissions. It details emissions from farm-gate activities, processing, and transport, while comparing production systems and regional impacts, particularly in South America. Mitigation priorities focus on preventing deforestation and improving tillage and fertilizer practices.

The report identifies 78 support measures for Indonesia's energy sector between FY 2016 and FY 2020, finding that 94.1% of the estimated value (IDR 1,153 trillion) supported fossil fuels, while renewable energy received less than 1%. The analysis highlights a significant imbalance in funding, with the majority of support benefiting producers over consumers and heavily favoring oil, gas, coal, and fossil-fuel-based electricity, thereby potentially hindering Indonesia's net-zero 2060 goal.

The report inventories 78 support measures for Indonesia's energy sector between FY 2016 and FY 2020, covering oil and gas, coal, electricity, renewable energy, biofuels, and electric vehicles (EVs). It details various mechanisms including direct fund transfers, tax exemptions, and price supports, noting that only 37% of these measures were quantified due to data limitations.

The document analyzes Indonesia's National Economic Recovery (PEN) program, finding that 2020 spending heavily favored fossil fuel-related state-owned enterprises and subsidies over clean energy. It highlights a gap in renewable energy targets—reaching only 11.2% in 2020 against a 13.4% target—and recommends reforming fossil fuel subsidies and implementing conditional fiscal support to accelerate the energy transition.

The document advocates for clean fuel standards to decarbonize the transportation sector, which is the largest source of global warming pollution in the US. It explains how these standards use carbon intensity (CI) and a credit/deficit system to make clean fuels more affordable and polluting fuels more expensive. The text highlights the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard as a successful model and emphasizes the need for an equitable transition that benefits overburdened communities.

The report identifies over 60 mitigation policies adopted between July 2019 and August 2020, noting the highest activity in the energy and transport sectors. It highlights a lack of explicitly 'green' COVID-19 recovery measures in most assessed countries, except for the EU and Republic of Korea. Additionally, it tracks the progress of NDCs and LTS, noting that only Vietnam has officially revised its NDC target among the group, while the EU and Japan have submitted net-zero long-term strategies.

The report examines the global soybean market, noting that production is highly concentrated in the US, Brazil, and Argentina, with demand driven by meat consumption and Asia. It highlights significant environmental and social risks, including deforestation in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes and the use of GM crops. While voluntary sustainability standards (VSSs) aim to mitigate these risks, their adoption remains low, representing only 1.8% of global production in 2018. The report identifies potential for VSS growth in LHDCs like Nigeria and Benin, though challenges such as mechanization and market competition persist.