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This research paper analyzes the proximate drivers of timber plantation expansion in south-central Chile between 1975 and 2007, finding that plantations grew from 5.5% to 42.4% of the landscape, often through the clearing of secondary native forests.

This research paper examines the hydrological impacts of tree plantations in South America, noting that while they expand by 5,000 km²/year, their effect on water yields and soil salinity varies significantly based on climate, topography, and the type of native vegetation replaced.

This working paper examines China's greenhouse gas emissions and land-based carbon stocks, evaluating the potential for land-based mitigation technologies (LMTs) for carbon dioxide removal. The authors analyze scientific literature, policy documents, and expert interviews to identify barriers and opportunities for achieving net-zero emissions by 2060.

This research paper by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines the potential and barriers for land-based mitigation technologies and practices (LMTs) in China. It finds that while forestry has been the primary focus for carbon sequestration, other sectors like agriculture, grasslands, and wetlands remain underexploited. The report highlights a lack of standardized methodologies and a fragmented policy landscape, suggesting that these must be addressed to meet China's 2060 net-zero goal.

This research paper analyzes land-based mitigation technologies and practices (LMTs), providing a classification of these tools and an analysis of the barriers preventing their large-scale adoption and scaling.

Natural Justice provides a critique of Kenya's proposed Climate Change (Amendment) Bill, 2023, which aims to integrate carbon markets into the country's climate response. While acknowledging the potential for carbon markets to mobilize investment, the organization warns of risks regarding environmental integrity and the potential for developed nations to use credits to justify continued fossil fuel use. The statement highlights several deficiencies in the Bill, including the removal of specific representation requirements for marginalized communities and civil society in the National Climate Change Council, a lack of clear procedural guidelines for public participation, and ambiguous role definitions between national and county governments.

This executive summary of the 2021 NYDF Progress Assessment report evaluates government efforts to utilize forests for climate mitigation, focusing on the ambition of climate pledges, investment levels, and implementation strategies. While it notes that the Paris Agreement has confirmed the pivotal role of forests, the report finds that current national targets and financial investments are significantly insufficient to meet the global mitigation potential of forests.

This annex to the 2021 NYDF Goal 7 Progress Report provides technical and economic mitigation potential estimates for forest-related activities, analyzes the ambition of forest targets in National Determined Contributions (NDCs), and estimates the global finance needs and public finance flows for forest mitigation.

The November 2020 Goal 6 assessment by the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) evaluates the integration of forest conservation and restoration targets into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While the report concludes that Goal 6 has been met through the adoption of SDG 15, it identifies significant gaps in how these targets are interpreted, measured, and reported by national governments and corporations.

This research paper by the NewClimate Institute examines policy frameworks for upscaling Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) while ensuring that such efforts do not detract from greenhouse gas emissions reductions. The authors analyze various CDR approaches, their development stages, and the risks associated with using offsetting schemes, ultimately advocating for the separation of emission reduction targets from removal targets.

This research paper reviews 60 years of desertification control efforts in China, examining the roles of government policy, eco-industrialization, and ecological interventions in managing arid and semi-arid ecosystems.

The 2018 Progress Assessment Goal 6 Update reports that Goal 6—the inclusion of ambitious, quantitative forest conservation and restoration targets for 2030 in the post-2015 global development framework—has been achieved through the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015.

This technical annex assesses progress toward Goal 5 of the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF), which aims to restore 150 million hectares of degraded landscapes and forestlands by 2020 and an additional 200 million hectares by 2030. The report uses restoration pledges from the Bonn Challenge and the UNFCCC's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) as proxies to measure progress toward these targets.

This technical annex assesses the progress of Goal 6 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which sought the inclusion of ambitious, quantitative 2030 forest conservation and restoration targets within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The report evaluates the SDGs adopted in September 2015, specifically Target 15.2, finding that while the goal to halt deforestation is highly ambitious and quantifiable, the targets for forest restoration and reforestation lack quantitative metrics.

This case study examines the restoration of the Loess Plateau in north-central China between 1994 and 2005. The initiative, involving the Chinese government and the World Bank, focused on curbing soil erosion and improving food security through terracing, afforestation, and the 'Grain for Green' program. While the project achieved significant reductions in sediment runoff and increased per capita grain output, the document highlights long-term sustainability challenges related to species selection, water shortages, and the reliance on government subsidies.

This discussion brief by the Stockholm Environment Institute describes the application of a water-energy-food nexus framework in Ningxia, China. It examines the interdependencies and potential conflicts between the province's development targets and its natural resource constraints, specifically regarding water scarcity, land-use changes, and a heavy reliance on coal for energy production.

This research paper evaluates the consistency of carbon offset credits across five different programs in the U.S. carbon market, specifically focusing on landfill methane, manure management, and afforestation/reforestation projects.

This research paper evaluates U.S. EPA Climate Leaders’ protocols for landfill methane, manure digesters, and afforestation projects by comparing them against protocols from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), California Climate Action Registry (CCAR), and Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX).

This working paper compares offset protocols from five different programs, focusing on landfill methane, manure digesters, and afforestation project types to assess quality standards and credibility in offset markets.

This research paper proposes a 'combined strategy' to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by integrating international marketable permits, emissions fees, and country commitments. The author argues that while industrial countries are the primary source of emissions, a successful global regime must balance the economic stability of industrial nations with the development needs and fairness concerns of developing countries.