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The report analyzes 92 empirical studies (138 distinct analyses) published between 2003 and 2022. It finds a bimodal pattern where migrant exposure either strongly increases or strongly decreases trust, with positive effects more common for social and political trust and negative effects more common for perceptions of physical and economic security. The review highlights a significant Western bias in existing literature and finds strong evidence for the contact hypothesis, where direct intergroup interaction reduces prejudice and increases trust.

WWF's 2023 Plowprint analysis reveals that 1.6 million acres of grasslands in the US and Canadian Great Plains were plowed in 2021, contributing to a total loss of 32 million acres since 2012. The report identifies crop insurance subsidies and biofuels policies as primary drivers of this conversion. To combat this, WWF recommends that the US Congress use the Farm Bill to strengthen the Sodsaver provision, expand the Grassland Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), and protect Inflation Reduction Act funding. Additionally, the report supports the North American Grasslands Conservation Act and amendments to the Renewable Fuel Standard to ensure biofuels do not incentivize the conversion of native sod.

The report tracks government financial support in India's energy sector, noting that while renewable energy subsidies doubled in FY 2022, fossil fuel subsidies remained more than four times higher than those for clean energy.

The study investigates a UN Adaptation Fund project in Madagascar's Aloatra-Mangoro region, finding that project benefits disproportionately accrued to households with higher political connectivity rather than the most vulnerable, thereby exacerbating local inequality.

The report finds that while most thematic bonds meet standards, approximately 25% of green bonds and 6% of social and sustainability bonds priced in 2022 were excluded from Climate Bonds databases due to insufficient information or non-aligned Use of Proceeds (UoP). Key issues include the allocation of funds to general working capital in China, the inclusion of roads in social and sustainability frameworks in Japan, and inadequate building standards in the USA and Germany.

The report finds that investments in climate resilient infrastructure (CRI) are in their nascent stages, representing only about 1.1% of average annual infrastructure investment in 2019/20. It proposes a five-principle framework to define and track CRI, though data gaps limited its operationalization to three principles. The study highlights a significant gap between investment and vulnerability, noting no correlation between per capita CRI investment and the ND-GAIN Vulnerability Index. It recommends the adoption of common resilience principles, mandated double materiality disclosures, and the creation of a standardized CRI taxonomy to scale finance.

The document outlines the methodology for calculating the amount of fossil fuels displaced by solar energy and the associated avoided costs. It describes the use of Ember's electricity datasets, IEA thermal efficiency and calorific value data, and UN Comtrade trade data to build linear regression models for fuel pricing. The analysis assumes solar replaces the cheapest fossil fuel generation in each country, with a specific exception for Indonesia where oil is replaced first.

The paper estimates that US$ 14.66 billion in international development finance commitments targeted 'NbS-like' activities (combining climate and biodiversity objectives) between 2016 and 2020. It identifies a declining trend in both the total amount and the share of climate finance allocated to these activities since 2017. The analysis highlights significant funding gaps for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and suggests that project documentation often fails to provide detailed evidence that these funds deliver tangible biodiversity benefits.

In the first half of 2022, global electricity demand rose by 3%, and this growth was entirely met by renewables, which prevented a 4% increase in fossil fuel generation. While wind and solar met 77% of this demand growth, hydro met the remainder. However, the report notes that subsequent rises in coal and gas generation in July and August, driven by droughts in China and global heatwaves, mean that total power sector CO2 emissions for 2022 may still reach a record high.

The report presents a quantitative overview of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) pipeline, categorising 410 overall projects and their associated financial values. It breaks down data for funding proposals and concept notes by sector (public and private), geographic region, and thematic focus (adaptation, mitigation, and cross-cutting), while also detailing the financial instruments used and the impact potential of the funding proposal pipeline.

The report finds that while there is a positive trend in aligning TACs with scientific advice, the 2020 deadline to end overfishing was missed. For 2022, 33% of analyzed TACs still exceeded scientific advice. Progress is significantly slower for stocks subject to precautionary advice compared to those with Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) assessments. The report also highlights a lack of transparency in the TAC-setting process and concerns over the implementation of the landing obligation.

The 2022 Forest Declaration Assessment finds that no global indicator is currently on track to meet the 2030 goals of halting forest loss and degradation or restoring 350 million hectares of forest landscape. While global deforestation rates declined by 6.3% in 2021 compared to the 2018-2020 baseline, this falls short of the 10% annual reduction required. Tropical Asia is the only region on track to halt deforestation by 2030, while Tropical Latin America and Africa remain off track. The report also notes that while 130.9 million hectares of tree cover were gained between 2000 and 2020, these were offset by 231.4 million hectares of loss, resulting in a net global loss of 100.5 million hectares.

The report documents the killing of 124 land and environmental defenders in 2025, with Latin America remaining the most dangerous region. It highlights the role of organized crime, extractive industries, and state repression in these attacks, while advocating for 'collective protection' and the legal recognition of indigenous guards.

Analysis of Global Trade Alert (GTA) data indicates that while the COVID-19 pandemic increased the total volume of commercial policy interventions, it did not fundamentally alter the long-term trend of trade policy mix. The share of interventions favoring domestic firms remained stable between 0.80 and 0.85 since 2009. However, the pandemic saw a sharp spike in export bans—at least 50 times the 2015-2019 average—and an increase in corporate subsidies, while harmful import restrictions on market access actually declined. The author argues that these export curbs disrupted supply chains and should lead to tighter WTO rules on exceptions.

As of June 2022, there were 12,720 committed electric school buses across 38 US states, representing approximately 2-3% of the national fleet. California leads adoption, and while deployment is high in communities of color and areas with high PM2.5 pollution, it remains lower in the lowest-income school districts.

Between May and August 2022, the EU generated a record 12.2% of its electricity from solar power, totaling 99.4 TWh. This generation helped the EU avoid the purchase of an additional 20 bcm of fossil gas, resulting in potential cost savings of €29 billion based on average daily gas prices for that period. Solar share records were broken in 18 of 27 EU countries, with the Netherlands achieving the highest share at 23%. The report argues that while solar deployment is accelerating, permitting bottlenecks must be addressed to meet 1.5C and REPowerEU targets, which include a proposed 45% renewable energy target for 2030.

The report highlights the high energy and feedstock intensity of the EU's plastic production industry, noting its significant reliance on Russian fossil fuels. It argues that reducing plastic production, particularly packaging, is a critical but overlooked lever for enhancing EU energy security and meeting climate goals.

The report examines the status of women in Mongolia's large-scale mining sector, analyzing legal frameworks, employment statistics, and skill development. It finds that while legal protections for gender equality exist, deep-seated stereotypes and inflexible working conditions persist. Women are underrepresented in technical roles and decision-making positions, and are more susceptible to layoffs during economic downturns. The report recommends improving gender-disaggregated data collection, implementing flexible work arrangements, and promoting STEM education for women to bridge the gender gap in the evolving mining industry.

In 2021, Russian jet fuel accounted for 5% of the EU's jet fuel imports (13,000 b/d) and 1.3% of its total consumption. This represents a significant decline from the 2015-2019 average of 30,200 b/d. IAG was the largest airline consumer of Russian jet fuel in 2021, while London's Heathrow airport was the largest airport consumer. Together, Heathrow and Gatwick airports accounted for an average of 92% of Russian jet fuel consumption between 2011 and 2021.

The study tracks the internal machinery of seven South African Cabinet departments from 2009 to 2021. It finds an aggregate expansion in internal organisational units that peaked around 2018/19, coinciding with the presidency of Jacob Zuma, before declining under Cyril Ramaphosa. While most departments are dominated by externally-oriented specialist portfolio units, the research indicates that internal structural changes are generally not triggered by ministerial reshuffles. Furthermore, the creation of public entities (agencification) did not lead to a corresponding reduction in the internal functions of Cabinet departments.