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The report analyzes the transition from traditional input subsidies to sustainable public support for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that while inorganic fertilizer subsidies provide short-term yield gains, they often lead to soil degradation, fiscal strain, and inequitable access. Through case studies in Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia, the document demonstrates that integrating soil health management, utilizing digital eVoucher systems for better targeting, and aligning subsidies with broader land tenure and market reforms are essential for long-term food system resilience.

The report forecasts Eswatini's development to 2043, noting that while GDP per capita is expected to rise to US$15,162 under the Current Path, poverty will remain high at 47.1%. It evaluates 11 sectoral scenarios, finding that the Free Trade scenario (AfCFTA implementation) offers the most significant potential for poverty reduction and income growth. The Combined Agenda 2063 scenario suggests GDP per capita could reach US$22,901 and poverty could drop to 24.5% if all interventions are implemented.

Gabon is an upper-middle-income country in Central Africa characterized by significant natural resource wealth, particularly in oil and timber. Following a September 2023 coup that ended the Bongo family's long reign, the country is under a transition government led by Brice Oligui Nguema, aiming for elections on 12 April 2025. Despite its high GDP per capita driven by petroleum, Gabon faces persistent development challenges, including high youth unemployment, entrenched inequality, and a lack of economic diversification.

The document describes Burkina Faso as a landlocked West African nation facing severe political instability, characterized by six coups and ongoing jihadi violence. It highlights the country's status as the most affected by terrorism globally in 2023, resulting in millions of internally displaced persons and significant disruptions to health and education. Economically, the nation relies on subsistence farming and gold mining, while its geopolitical alignment has shifted toward Russia and the Confederation of Sahel States following its withdrawal from ECOWAS.

The document examines illicit financial flows (IFFs) in Africa, estimating annual losses between US$50 billion and US$89 billion. It identifies commercial activities, such as Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) and trade misinvoicing, as the primary drivers (65%), while criminal activity and corruption account for 35%. These outflows reduce spending on health and education and increase reliance on predatory borrowing. The paper discusses countermeasures including the African Tax Administration Forum (ATAF), the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS, and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), while highlighting challenges such as the US's role as a "secrecy jurisdiction" and limited administrative capacity in African nations.

The document examines the critical role of infrastructure in Africa's development, highlighting a persistent deficit that constrains GDP growth and productivity. It argues that closing this gap, which requires over US$100 billion annually, is essential for the success of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and for shifting the continent toward a more inclusive growth trajectory.

The document argues that AI represents a frontier for technological leapfrogging in Africa, capable of bypassing traditional constraints in education, healthcare, and governance. It highlights the potential for inclusive AI deployment to add US$ 1 trillion to the continent's GDP by 2035, particularly in sectors like agriculture and finance. A key example is provided by the South African Revenue Service (SARS), which uses AI to shift tax administration from reactive enforcement to proactive compliance. However, the document notes that realizing this potential requires addressing gaps in computing infrastructure, digital skills, and regulatory frameworks. To support this, the AI 10 Billion Initiative aims to mobilize US$ 10 billion by 2035 to invest in AI infrastructure and skills, targeting the creation of up to 40 million jobs.

Germany possesses a strong pipeline of grid-scale and residential battery projects, but current policy frameworks and the preferential treatment of gas in upcoming capacity auctions risk slowing deployment. The report highlights that operationalizing the existing battery pipeline could have significantly reduced wind and solar curtailment and associated costs in 2025. It calls for a regulatory shift to treat batteries as a first-order solution for grid stability and flexibility.

The author refutes industry claims that industrial carbon pricing is unaffordable or harmful to competitiveness, noting that the cost for Alberta's oil sands producers would be less than 50 cents a barrel by 2030. The text highlights that carbon pricing is increasing globally, covering nearly 30 per cent of global GHG emissions, and is necessary to avoid carbon border tariffs from jurisdictions like the EU. It concludes that a strong industrial carbon market in Alberta is critical for Canada to reach net zero by 2050.

The author refutes industry claims that industrial carbon pricing is unaffordable or detrimental to competitiveness, noting that the cost for Alberta oil sands producers would be less than 50 cents per barrel by 2030. Analysis of 17 years of provincial trade data shows no statistically significant contraction in exports linked to carbon pricing. The text highlights that global carbon pricing coverage has increased from 12% of emissions in 2015 to nearly 30% today, with the EU implementing border carbon tariffs. The author concludes that a robust industrial carbon market in Alberta is critical for Canada's trajectory toward carbon neutrality by 2050.

The statement contends that Africa's reliance on fossil fuels leaves its communities vulnerable to external shocks, such as the economic ripple effects of the US-Iran war. It advocates for the implementation of existing frameworks like the African Single Electricity System and the African Union Green Minerals Strategy to achieve energy sovereignty and justice, arguing that transitioning to net-zero is more cost-effective than enduring the costs of global energy instability.

The United States is well-positioned to lead the next-generation geothermal supply chain due to significant overlaps with the oil and gas industry, though gaps remain in superhot rock (SHR) compatible rigs and power conversion turbomachinery. While investment in the sector grew from $22 million in 2018 to $2.2 billion in 2025, the report warns that equipment supply chains could become a bottleneck for national-scale adoption. Developing a domestic supply chain could create over 100,000 jobs in wellfield and plant operations and catalyze manufacturing growth in regions like Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Georgia, New York, North Carolina, and South Carolina. To secure this advantage, the report recommends expanding the 45X advanced manufacturing production tax credit to geothermal and improving data on equipment capacity and production costs.

The Philippines could avoid approximately PHP 1.7 billion (USD 28 million) in fossil fuel import costs by achieving its target of 9.5 GW of solar capacity by 2030. This analysis comes amid soaring Asian energy prices caused by the Iran war, which has pushed LNG prices up 54.3% since February 2026. The report highlights that the Philippines has some of the highest electricity prices in Asia due to a heavy reliance on imports. While the Philippines is currently fast-tracking renewable energy and battery storage, the report notes that coal and gas generation are still projected to increase by 2030. Comparatively, other ASEAN nations like Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam are also implementing clean energy measures to reduce reliance on volatile imported fuels.

The report argues that next-generation geothermal, specifically enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), can provide the 'clean firm' power California needs to reach its 2045 goals affordably. Modeling shows that EGS could reduce annual electricity supply costs by $10-44 billion and decrease the required pace of solar installation from 10 GW/year to 3 GW/year. While projects are currently being developed in other western states, the authors argue that in-state development would further save $3.5-5.5 billion annually and reduce interregional transmission needs by 28-53%. To overcome the 'missing middle' of financing for high-risk exploration wells, the report recommends California establish a public subsurface mapping and testbed program similar to the DOE's FORGE project in Utah.

RMI analysis indicates that wind and solar revenues in some US agricultural states are approaching the scale of major commodities, providing farmers with predictable income and counties with tax revenue for public services. While wind projects typically maintain agricultural land use, solar arrays have a larger footprint, leading to the exploration of agrivoltaics. In 2024, nine states generated over $1 billion each in wind and solar revenue, totaling $23 billion.

Reducing coal mine methane (CMM) emissions is presented as a critical, low-cost opportunity to avoid 0.2C of warming by 2050 and prevent over 180,000 premature deaths annually by 2030. While the IEA and UNEP estimate that between 54% and 63% of global CMM emissions can be mitigated by 2030, current action is negligible, with only 130 of 1,800 active mines reporting mitigation projects. The most cost-effective methods include drainage systems, where 62% of the 7,460 kilotonnes of abatement potential is available at negative net cost, and ventilation air methane (VAM) oxidation, which could reduce emissions by 23.7% with a $2.5 billion USD investment.

Coal mine methane (CMM) emissions remained steady at approximately 34.7 million tonnes in 2023 despite rising coal production, indicating a failure to align with the Global Methane Pledge. The report highlights a critical data gap, estimating that 89% of emissions were unreported to the UNFCCC in 2023 and that 87% of global production relies on generic emission factors rather than direct measurement. While satellite monitoring is increasing, it currently captures only 10% of hard coal production. Technically, 54-63% of CMM emissions could be mitigated by 2030 using proven technologies, with drainage station capture offering significant potential at negative net cost and ventilation air methane (VAM) oxidation capable of cutting nearly a quarter of emissions.

The report argues that Zambia can leverage its position as a top copper producer to drive economic transformation through value addition in processing and manufacturing. It identifies reliable electricity, expanded smelting and refining, and improved trade corridors as critical priorities to mitigate the risks of mining dependency and capitalize on projected global supply shortfalls through the mid-2030s.

The research paper examines the failure of Zimbabwe's land redistribution programme and 'command agriculture' policies, noting that these actions destroyed the country's most productive sector. It highlights a transition from being a net food exporter before 1990 to importing nearly 22% of total food demand by 2019, while extreme poverty rose from 10% in 2000 to 37% in 2020.

The document analyzes the tension between Nigeria's 'Renewed Hope' National Development Plan (NDP) 2026-2030 and its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0). It highlights a historical coupling of economic growth and carbon emissions, where a 1% GDP increase has led to a 3.11% rise in emissions. While initiatives like Mission 300 and the DARES project promote renewable energy for electricity access, heavy industries like steel and cement remain reliant on fossil fuels, risking 'carbon lock-in'. The paper identifies a significant annual climate finance gap of USD27.2 billion and discusses the role of natural gas as a transition fuel under the 'Decade of Gas' initiative, despite concerns regarding alignment with 1.5°C goals.