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This annex to the 2021 NYDF Goal 7 Progress Report provides technical and economic mitigation potential estimates for forest-related activities, analyzes the ambition of forest targets in National Determined Contributions (NDCs), and estimates the global finance needs and public finance flows for forest mitigation.

The Climate Policy Initiative provided updated estimates for global climate finance flows for 2017 and 2018, and a preliminary estimate for 2019, to inform the UNFCCC's fourth Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows.

This executive summary from the NewClimate Institute outlines a research project analyzing the state of carbon market activities and the vulnerability of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in the pre-2020 period. The research focused on the risk of projects ceasing greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement without Certified Emission Reduction (CER) revenues and evaluated the total CER supply potential and the impact of eligibility restrictions on market demand.

This report by Ember analyzes methane emissions from Poland's coal mining sector in 2018, highlighting that Poland was responsible for 70% of methane leaks from operational coal mines in Europe. The document quantifies the climate impact of these leaks, identifies the primary corporate emitters, and proposes six solutions to reduce emissions, including legislative action from the European Commission and the inclusion of methane in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme by 2030.

The NewClimate Institute report analyzes the scale and ambition of climate-related investment targets set by financial institutions and international cooperative initiatives (ICIs), examining how these targets correlate with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions in the real economy.

This research paper quantifies the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions from the full implementation of 17 major international cooperative initiatives (ICIs) across eight sectors and ten major emitting economies.

This research paper quantifies the potential 2030 impact of greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments made by non-state and subnational actors (NSAs)—including regions, cities, and businesses—within ten major emitting economies.

This case study examines water-use conflicts and water stress in the Campoalegre River basin in Colombia, focusing on the impact of water diversions and fragmented governance on downstream supply.

This case study describes a project to model water stress vulnerability in the Campoalegre river basin in Colombia. The study aims to develop a water balance, quantify supply and demand, and evaluate how governance challenges and diverse water uses—including hydroelectric, agricultural, and industrial—affect water availability downstream.

This report by Sandbag analyzes how the disparity in carbon pricing between the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and its non-EU neighbors leads to 'carbon leakage,' where high-carbon electricity, primarily from coal, is imported into the EU. The authors argue that this undermines EU climate goals and incentivizes the continued use of coal in neighboring states. To combat this, the report proposes the implementation of a border carbon adjustment (BCA) specifically for electricity imports.

The 2019 report by the NewClimate Institute analyzes the impact of climate mitigation commitments from cities, regions, and businesses, specifically focusing on ten major emitting economies and 17 international cooperative initiatives (ICIs). It finds that while individual actor commitments provide modest reductions, ICIs offer the most significant potential to close the global emissions gap to 2°C by 2030.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) analyzes the potential for Brazil to increase agricultural and beef production without further deforestation. Using stochastic frontier models based on 2006 Agricultural Census data, the research quantifies the production gains possible by eliminating inefficiencies and the corresponding capital and operational investments required to achieve them.

This fact sheet describes how the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) uses a Robust Decision Support (RDS) process to help California regions develop sustainable water management plans, specifically focusing on the Yuba River Basin and Yolo County.

This document is a Chinese translation of the report "Chilling Prospects: Providing Sustainable Cooling for All," published by Sustainable Energy for All (SEforAll). It examines the risks associated with the lack of sustainable cooling and the opportunities for economic and social development through expanded access to cooling technologies, aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.

This research paper by the Stockholm Environment Institute analyzes development finance for energy sectors in 37 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) between 2002 and 2016, utilizing data from the OECD Development Assistance Committee and the World Bank.

This research paper proposes a theoretical framework for designing a Payment Security Mechanism (PSM) to mitigate counterparty credit risk for renewable energy projects in India. The authors define a PSM as a funded capital reserve providing interest-free working capital to projects when state-owned electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) default on payments. Using a probabilistic methodology and a sample of eight DISCOMs, the paper estimates the size of payment support needed to enhance project credit ratings, concluding that while a PSM can improve ratings up to a BB level, it cannot achieve investment-grade status (BBB or higher) due to non-counterparty risks.

This research paper analyzes hourly nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration distributions across more than 2,500 monitoring sites in Europe from 2000 to 2014 to understand how different temporal and concentration-based factors contribute to annual average NO2 concentrations (NO2AA).

This report assesses progress toward Goal 5 of the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF), which aims to restore 150 million hectares of degraded landscapes and forestlands by 2020 and an additional 200 million hectares by 2030. The assessment focuses on pledges made under the Bonn Challenge and commitments within Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted to the UNFCCC.

This research paper investigates the relationship between leaf morphology and ozone sensitivity in woody plants, finding that leaf dry mass per unit leaf area (LMA) explains much of the variation in ozone tolerance and biomass reduction.

This research paper by the Stockholm Environment Institute analyses concessional international public climate finance flows to seven Indian Ocean and African Small Island Developing States (SIDS) between 2010 and 2015. Using OECD data, the study examines commitments, disbursements, and sectoral distribution, finding that finance is heavily concentrated in a few countries and sectors, with significant gaps in disbursement and alignment with national priorities.