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This research paper provides an introductory overview of Comoros, detailing its geography, climate vulnerability, economic structure, and political history. It highlights the intersection of natural hazards, such as cyclones, and political instability as primary barriers to the country's sustainable development.

This report by Indonesia Corruption Watch and Trend Asia examines the financial and political networks sustaining the coal industry in Indonesia. It identifies significant funding from state-owned and private banks to coal corporations and argues that regulatory capture and the influence of a wealthy elite are delaying a just clean energy transition.

This report by Friends of the Earth Latin America and the Caribbean (ATALC) analyzes the role of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) in the region, arguing that they drive a capitalist system based on exploitation and the violation of peoples' sovereignty. The document details how TNCs use 'corporate capture' to influence governments and the 'architecture of impunity'—specifically Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanisms—to avoid accountability for human rights and environmental abuses. It examines specific impacts across agribusiness, forestry, mining, energy, and services, highlighting the disproportionate burden on women and the criminalization of land defenders.

This report investigates the barriers preventing the expansion of renewable energy in Indonesia, specifically wind and solar, despite national targets and falling global prices. Based on 26 interviews with diverse stakeholders, it examines why the country is struggling to meet its commitment to increase the renewable energy mix to 23 per cent by 2025.

This policy brief synthesises political economy analyses (PEA) from Colombia, Indonesia, and Kenya to examine the constraints and enablers affecting government decisions on green growth in the energy sector for fossil-endowed middle-income countries.

This report presents the findings of a household survey of 1,000 consumers in Rajasthan, India, examining public attitudes toward electricity tariff reform. It highlights a significant lack of awareness regarding electricity subsidies, strong public opposition to price increases due to the high share of electricity in household budgets, and a limited but existing willingness to pay more for improved power reliability. The report suggests that reform should be gradual, demographically targeted (particularly in urban areas like Jaipur), and accompanied by mitigation measures and improved service quality.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines how fossil-fuel subsidies act as a barrier to the deployment of renewable electricity. It argues that these subsidies impair the cost competitiveness of renewables, reinforce the dominance of incumbent fossil-fuel systems, and distort investment decisions. The document advocates for fossil-fuel subsidy reform and the pricing of environmental externalities to create a more sustainable energy system.

This policy brief examines the political economy of low carbon energy in Kenya, exploring how national energy security goals align with renewable energy technologies to address energy price volatility and climate vulnerability, while noting the potential complicating influence of recent oil and gas discoveries.

This briefing examines the political economy of Climate Compatible Development (CCD) in Kenya, analyzing how political interests, institutional frameworks, and donor influence shape the transition to low-carbon energy. It highlights the tension between national goals for industrial growth and energy security versus the needs of the rural poor and climate mitigation targets.

This case study examines the regulatory barriers hindering the development of a regional fuel ethanol market within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), focusing on sugarcane as a primary feedstock.

This case study examines the challenges of pharmaceutical procurement and regulatory harmonisation within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. It highlights how fragmented registration policies, weak regulatory capacity, and intellectual property barriers hinder access to essential medicines for treating HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and non-communicable diseases. The document emphasizes South Africa's pivotal role due to its advanced pharmaceutical sector and regulatory framework, while noting that political and economic interests often obstruct regional integration.

This case study examines the lack of progress in implementing a SADC Univisa, a regional visa intended to boost tourism and business travel in Southern Africa. Despite a 1998 protocol and the potential for 3-5% annual growth in tourism, implementation is hindered by security concerns, bureaucratic inertia, and conflicting interests between economic ministries and security agencies. The document highlights the disparity in visa openness compared to East Africa and suggests using the Kavango Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA pilot as a model for broader regional adoption.

This case study examines the Non-Tariff Barrier (NTB) Monitoring Mechanism used by private sector actors in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Tripartite Free Trade Area to report trade barriers. While the online database successfully registers complaints, the document highlights significant failures in the resolution process, particularly regarding transport-related barriers, due to a lack of political will, technical expertise, and effective institutional structures.

This case study by Mike Muller examines the political economy of water resource development and management within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It argues that a disconnect exists between local/national priorities and regional agendas, largely because the latter have been driven by donor preferences for environmental conservation over infrastructure development. The author highlights that while some bilateral projects have succeeded, the broader region has suffered from 'economic water scarcity' due to a lack of long-term finance for infrastructure, a gap recently being filled by new financiers like China and Brazil.