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The report outlines the physical and economic risks Canada faces due to climate change, such as sea-level rise and the global shift away from carbon-intensive exports. It proposes a holistic approach to climate policy that integrates health, well-being, and economic competitiveness, moving beyond narrow emission targets. The document highlights existing Canadian subnational innovations in carbon pricing and coal phase-out while recommending that governments expand the scope and ambition of their climate actions to ensure long-term prosperity.

The report outlines the dual threats of physical climate impacts and global economic transitions facing Canada. It proposes a comprehensive framework that integrates health, wellness, and economic prosperity, moving beyond siloed mitigation and adaptation strategies. The document highlights existing sub-national policy successes and recommends that Canadian governments broaden their climate objectives, increase policy ambition, and leverage international leadership to ensure a resilient future.

The Life After Coal Campaign advocates for the urgent phase-out of coal-fired power in South Africa to mitigate climate change and economic risks. The campaign calls for the cancellation of several coal projects, including the Coal IPP Programme and remaining units of the Kusile power station, while urging the government to remove barriers to renewable energy procurement and finalise the Integrated Resource Plan for Electricity (IRP). The document argues that continuing investment in coal infrastructure risks stranding assets and workers, noting that a low-carbon transition is necessary to avoid an estimated $120 billion in transition risk by 2035.

The document analyzes Mexico's fiscal dependence on fossil fuels amidst declining reserves and production. It highlights a shift where revenues from fuel consumption (IEPS and IVA) are becoming more significant than extraction revenues. The report warns against 'stranded assets' resulting from continued investment in fossil fuel infrastructure and recommends redirecting regressive subsidies toward clean energy and vulnerable populations to support a just energy transition.

Alberta faces significant economic risks due to its high concentration of workers and GDP tied to transition-vulnerable sectors, particularly oil and gas. While the province has established a foothold in low-carbon electricity, hydrogen, and CCUS, growth is hindered by mixed policy signals and a geographic mismatch between new opportunity companies in cities and vulnerable workers in rural areas.

The document analyzes Alberta's position in the global energy transition, highlighting a tension between emerging low-carbon investments and a continued reliance on the oil and gas sector. While the province shows strength in carbon-free electricity and industrial transition technologies, it faces significant risks due to workforce concentration in vulnerable sectors and contradictory political signals that may hinder large-scale decarbonization.

Atlantic Canada faces significant fiscal and economic risks due to its reliance on oil, gas, and coal, particularly in Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. While the region shows momentum in clean technology—led by Nova Scotia—and possesses strong natural resource advantages in wind, hydro, and tidal energy, scaling these opportunities is hindered by a lack of capital, a shortage of skilled STEM labour, and a mismatch between the location of new growth and transition-vulnerable rural communities.

The report identifies Atlantic Canada as a leader in decoupling GDP growth from greenhouse gas emissions, though it faces significant fiscal risks due to a reliance on oil, gas, and coal. While Nova Scotia is a hub for transition-related innovation in batteries, smart grids, and low-carbon shipping, regional companies generally remain small and undercapitalized. Vulnerabilities are concentrated in rural areas and specific provinces, notably Newfoundland and Labrador, where oil and gas sectors are critical to government revenue.

British Columbia is positioning itself for the low-carbon transition by leveraging a low-emissions electricity grid and a growing clean technology sector, though it faces risks from its reliance on metallurgical coal and natural gas exports. While the province has 175 transition-opportunity companies, primarily concentrated in Metro Vancouver, challenges remain regarding the domestic adoption of these technologies and the alignment of provincial policy to support small and medium-sized domestic firms. Vulnerable workers are concentrated in rural communities and among Indigenous populations, necessitating a shift in support toward new growth areas to ensure economic resilience.

Manitoba is well-positioned for the energy transition due to its low-cost clean electricity, critical mineral deposits, and established ag-tech sector. However, the province lags behind other jurisdictions in public and private R&D investment and lacks a comprehensive government strategy to attract innovative companies. Economic risks include a high debt-to-GDP ratio and a workforce in vulnerable sectors, particularly affecting visible minorities and Indigenous peoples. While some companies are electrifying operations, the province's overall adoption of electric vehicles and heat pumps remains below national and provincial averages.

Manitoba possesses significant competitive advantages for the low-carbon transition, including low-cost clean electricity, critical mineral deposits, and a strong agricultural sector. However, the province faces fiscal risks due to a high debt-to-GDP ratio and a lack of supportive policy frameworks, resulting in a low number of transition-opportunity companies compared to other provinces. While some sectors like agricultural technology and alternative proteins are growing, Manitoba lags in clean hydrogen, batteries, and storage. Additionally, the report highlights the disproportionate exposure of visible minorities to transition-vulnerable sectors and the need to address historic harms to Indigenous communities to ensure equitable development in mining and energy.

Ontario is well-positioned for the low-carbon transition due to its financial center and manufacturing expertise, but faces significant risks in its automotive and primary metals sectors. While the province leads Canada in the number of transition-opportunity companies, particularly in low-carbon electricity and batteries, progress is hindered by policy inconsistency and a lack of long-term sector-specific strategies. Workforce vulnerability is high in traditional manufacturing hubs, and high public debt may constrain the investment needed for a smooth transition.

Ontario is well-positioned for the carbon-neutral transition due to its financial hub status and concentration of clean energy and bio-product companies. However, it faces significant risks, including a high number of vulnerable workers in the manufacturing sector, high public debt, and policy instability. While major investments are occurring in electric vehicle production and steel electrification, the province lacks long-term sectoral policies and a clear carbon-neutral grid strategy, which may hinder large-scale technology adoption and competitiveness compared to other provinces.

Quebec has successfully decoupled economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions, leveraging cheap hydroelectricity and a mature mining sector to foster transition-opportunity companies in electric vehicles and batteries. However, the province faces significant challenges, including high public debt (45% debt-to-GDP in 2020–21), workforce shortages in technical trades, and the need to rebuild trust with Indigenous Peoples to develop critical mineral projects. While Quebec attracts significant venture capital, its companies often raise less capital per investment stage than those in the US and the rest of Canada, facing stiff international competition from China and the US.

Québec is well-positioned for the energy transition due to its low-cost, low-carbon electricity and a mature mining sector for critical minerals. However, the province faces significant challenges, including a high public debt-to-GDP ratio of 45% (2020-2021), a shortage of skilled labor in clean-tech SMEs, and the need to rebuild trust with Indigenous peoples for new large-scale projects. While the province has a strong ecosystem of transition-supporting companies—particularly in electric transport and industrial transition—it faces intense global competition from the US, EU, and China, and its firms often secure less capital at each funding stage compared to US counterparts.

Saskatchewan faces significant economic risks due to its reliance on oil and gas, with 6% of its workforce in transition-vulnerable sectors. While the province has strengths in agricultural technology, critical minerals, and renewable energy potential, it lags behind other Canadian provinces in attracting transition-consistent investment. Growth is concentrated in Saskatoon and Regina, primarily within ag-tech and alternative proteins. Barriers to scaling include a lack of early-stage policy support, low R&D funding, and continued subsidies for fossil fuels, which create uncertainty for clean-tech investors.

Saskatchewan faces significant economic risks due to its heavy reliance on the oil and gas sector, which generated 16% of its provincial GDP in 2019. While the province possesses strong competitive advantages in wind, solar, and critical minerals, it lags behind other Canadian provinces in attracting transition-related investments. Most current growth is concentrated in agtech and alternative proteins, while public and private funding for broader research and development remains limited. The report highlights a critical need for more ambitious climate policies and better support for workforce transition, particularly in small communities like Coronach, to avoid severe economic decline.

The report examines the Jawa 9 and 10 coal-fired power plant projects in Cilegon, Banten, highlighting severe risks to public health and the environment. It argues that the projects are economically flawed, citing a Korean Development Institute (KDI) study that predicted a negative Net Present Value (NPV) for KEPCO. The document details the prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ISPA) among children in Cilegon and the broader ecological damage caused by coal transport and mining. It specifically calls for South Korean financiers, such as K-Exim and KDB, to withdraw funding to align with the 'Green New Deal' and global climate goals, noting that Indonesia's emission standards are significantly lower than those in South Korea.

The report examines the Java 9 and 10 Coal Power Plant (CPP) projects in Cilegon, Banten, funded by South Korean institutions including K-Exim, KDB, and K-Sure. It argues the investment is 'forced' and 'unprofitable,' citing a KDI pre-feasibility study showing a negative NPV for KEPCO. The document highlights severe health impacts in Banten, where Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is prevalent, and notes that the projects exacerbate air pollution and increase vulnerability to pandemics like Covid-19. It further criticizes the use of Ultra Super Critical (USC) technology as insufficient for carbon reduction and points to the risk of natural disasters, such as tsunamis, given the plants' coastal locations. The report concludes that the investment violates South Korea's 'Green New Deal' and calls for the Indonesian government to cancel the projects in favor of renewable energy.