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This research paper examines the evolution of German-African energy relations, tracing the shift from a primary focus on development cooperation and energy poverty to a more complex framework involving energy diplomacy, technology-driven cooperation, and strategic geopolitical interests. The author analyzes the tensions between 'green' and 'fossilist' objectives, the risks associated with the roll-out of hydrogen diplomacy, and the trend toward the financialization of development through multi-stakeholder partnerships.

This statement, submitted by the Life after Coal Campaign (LAC) and the Fair Finance Coalition Southern Africa (FFCSA) to the Presidential Climate Commission, provides critical comments on South Africa's Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP). The authors argue that the plan is overly skewed toward private sector interests and large-scale infrastructure, specifically green hydrogen, while neglecting social ownership models, local manufacturing, and the urgent needs of coal-affected communities.

This case study describes a community-led initiative in Kumbi Kebele, Ethiopia, where women formed the Biftu Beri village savings and loan association (VSLA) to combat climate change impacts. Supported by the NGO Farm Africa, the group integrates forest conservation, indigenous tree planting, and agroforestry with a micro-finance model to improve household livelihoods and environmental resilience.

This briefing note by the Centre for Environmental Rights assesses the potential health and environmental impacts if Eskom is permitted to operate three units at the Kusile power station without sulphur dioxide (SO2) control devices (Flue Gas Desulfurization or FGDs) from December 1, 2023, to March 31, 2025.

This policy brief, submitted by Amnesty International and the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) to the UNFCCC Transitional Committee in April 2023, argues that the operationalization of the Loss and Damage Fund must be grounded in international human rights law. The authors advocate for a rights-based approach that prioritizes the most marginalized groups, ensures effective remedy and reparations, and utilizes public, grants-based funding to avoid increasing the debt of developing countries.

This fact sheet by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) examines Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), arguing that the technology fails to meaningfully reduce greenhouse emissions and may prolong dependence on fossil fuels. It details the technical limitations, safety risks, and economic costs of CCS, while contrasting it with more effective climate solutions like renewable energy and demand reduction.

This briefing by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) examines the role of non-party trade provisions in Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) to provide guidance for the development of a future international treaty to end plastic pollution. It argues that trade restrictions on non-parties are essential to incentivize ratification, prevent 'free-riding', and ensure the overall effectiveness of environmental treaties.

The Climate Bonds Standard 4.0 is a voluntary labeling mechanism developed by the Climate Bonds Initiative to certify debt instruments, assets, and entities as aligned with the Paris Agreement. It provides a science-based framework for certifying Use of Proceeds (UoP) instruments, non-financial legal entities, and Sustainability-Linked Debt (SLD), requiring independent verification by authorized verifiers to ensure transparency and climate alignment.

This guide provides a comprehensive checklist for the certification of Sustainability-Linked Debt (SLD) under the Climate Bonds Standard v4.0. It establishes a 90% certification threshold for economic activities, defines two levels of certification (Aligned and Transition), and mandates detailed delivery strategies including Scope 1, 2, and 3 action plans. It also imposes strict Parent Group requirements, including a ban on fossil fuel expansion after 2023 and the protection of high-carbon stock land.

The Climate Bonds Standard Version 4.0 is a voluntary labelling scheme developed by the Climate Bonds Initiative to certify debt instruments, assets, and non-financial legal entities that align with the Paris Climate Agreement. It provides a science-based framework for certifying Use of Proceeds (UoP) instruments, specific physical assets, entities undergoing climate transition, and Sustainability-Linked Debt (SLD).

This policy brief by the Climate Bonds Initiative analyzes the landscape of public incentives for methane abatement in Brazilian agriculture. It evaluates various government programs, climate commitments, and financial instruments, noting that while broad sustainable agriculture frameworks exist, there is a lack of specific, targeted strategies for methane reduction in the livestock sector, which is the primary source of these emissions.

The 'Checklist for Entity Certification' is a guide accompanying the Climate Bonds Standard v4.0, detailing the requirements for non-financial entities to achieve and maintain certification based on their climate mitigation performance, transition strategies, and governance.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the policy frameworks and enabling environments required to attract private investment for the decarbonization of India's steel and cement sectors. It focuses on breakthrough technologies (TRL 5-9) and identifies high-impact policy instruments and critical enablers to avoid carbon lock-in and meet India's 2070 net-zero target.

This policy brief examines the challenges of rural insurance in Brazil amidst climate change, using soybean production as a case study. It finds that while the insurance market has grown, it remains geographically concentrated in the South and Center-West, leaving high-production, high-risk areas like MATOPIBA underserved. Using machine learning, the authors identify precipitation, wind, and fire risk as primary drivers of losses. The report recommends expanding insurance coverage to vulnerable regions, utilizing yield data for pricing in areas with limited insurance history, and aligning government subsidies with sustainable agricultural practices.

This report analyzes the potential nationwide impact of California's Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) rule, which aims for 100% ZEV sales by 2035. It finds that if all 177 eligible states adopt the rule, the U.S. could reduce cumulative emissions by 1,310 MMT CO2e by 2050, prevent 5,000 deaths and 160,000 asthma attacks, and see the EV fleet grow to 239 million vehicles. The analysis emphasizes that while the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) provides critical short-term incentives, state-level mandates are necessary for long-term sustainability.

This briefing by Energy Innovation outlines policy options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the U.S. industrial sector, which is responsible for a quarter to a third of national emissions. The document proposes a combination of trade mechanisms, financial incentives, R&D support, and regulatory standards to accelerate the deployment of clean industrial technologies and maintain U.S. competitiveness.

This report, published by Global Energy Monitor and several partner organizations, tracks the global development of coal-fired power plants as of April 2023. It analyzes the tension between the global trend toward coal phase-out and a significant surge in coal plant approvals and construction in China, while evaluating the progress of other major economies and the role of private finance in the energy transition.

This report by Global Energy Monitor and its partners analyzes the global state of coal-fired power plants as of April 2023. It highlights a stark divergence between China, where coal capacity is expanding rapidly, and the rest of the world, where new projects are declining. While the report notes that the 'return of coal' in Europe due to the energy crisis was minimal, it emphasizes that current retirement rates are insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals, particularly in non-OECD countries.

This report by Global Energy Monitor and partners tracks the global status of coal-fired power plants as of April 2023. It highlights a divergence between China, where coal capacity is rapidly increasing, and the rest of the world, where new developments are generally declining. While many existing plants now have closure dates or carbon-neutral targets, the report argues that the pace of phase-out is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals.

This document is a Korean translation of excerpts from the 'Boom Bust Coal 2023' report by Global Energy Monitor (GEM) and its partners. It analyzes global coal power trends in 2022, highlighting a divergence between a general global decline in coal expansion and a significant surge in China's coal capacity. The report also provides a detailed critique of South Korea's coal phase-out plans, financial risks associated with coal dependency, and the need for a 'just transition' for affected regions.