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The document describes the establishment of County Climate Change Funds (CCCFs) in five Kenyan counties—Garissa, Isiolo, Kitui, Makueni, and Waji—to manage investments aimed at reducing climate risk and achieving adaptation priorities. It notes that developing countries need significant financing for National Adaptation Plan (NAP) processes, which should be sourced from domestic public, international public, and private finance.

The paper analyzes various infrastructure banks, such as the European Investment Bank and the UK's Green Investment Bank, to identify effective financial instruments and operational models. It argues that infrastructure banks should prioritize financially viable, sustainable projects that offer high socioeconomic multipliers while avoiding the crowding out of private capital. Key recommendations include tapping capital markets, providing technical assistance for project preparation, and utilizing risk-sharing instruments to leverage limited public resources.

The document evaluates the performance of Canadian cities against SDG 8, focusing on GDP per capita, labour productivity, median income, unemployment, and youth unemployment. While GDP and median incomes have generally risen, the report highlights persistent gender pay gaps and regional disparities in unemployment, particularly in Prairie cities.

The report examines the restructuring of Poland's coal sector following the 1989 transition to a market economy. While the sector successfully reduced its workforce from 388,000 in 1990 to 98,000 in 2015 and closed 40 of 70 collieries, it struggled with persistent lack of profitability and significant social costs. The authors analyze the Mining Social Package (MSP) and special privileges for mining communes, noting that while the MSP effectively reduced employment, it led to long-term labor market inactivity due to a lack of comprehensive job-seeking support. The report concludes that coal phase-out requires integrated regional development and mandatory professional retraining to avoid social exclusion.

The report analyzes energy pricing reforms in the MENA region, specifically within the GCC, following the 2014 oil price collapse. It argues that while price increases are a regional trend, they are not yet a norm and risk political instability if not accompanied by social safety nets and labor market reforms. The document details specific reform measures in countries like Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Morocco, and provides technical recommendations for international assistance to support a transition toward productive economies.

The document outlines India's shift toward market-driven energy pricing and targeted subsidies via direct benefit transfer. It details the draft National Energy Policy's goal to align domestic prices with international rates and the potential inclusion of petroleum and electricity under the Goods and Services Tax (GST). Key sector updates include the legal obligation for states to provide 24/7 power by March 2019, the phasing out of kerosene subsidies by 2020, and the reduction of LPG tax rates to 5% for domestic consumers. Additionally, it notes the impact of rising crude oil prices on the national subsidy burden and the declining cost of wind power through reverse auctions.

The document details the Indonesian government's management of energy subsidies across LPG, electricity, and liquid fuels, noting a trend of increasing budget allocations due to delayed reforms and external price pressures. It highlights the transition to targeted subsidies using poverty databases and smart cards, the implementation of the 'One Price Policy' to ensure fuel affordability in remote areas, and the long-term financial implications of capacity payments for coal-fired power plants.

The report highlights the explosive growth of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), with an estimated 40.5 million direct workers in 2017. It examines the sector's critical role in global mineral supplies—including 20% of gold and 80% of sapphires—while detailing severe environmental and health risks, particularly from mercury use in gold mining. The document analyzes the tensions between ASM and large-scale mining (LSM), the limitations of current certification schemes, and the necessity of inclusive formalization processes that address the poverty-driven nature of the sector rather than focusing solely on entrepreneurs.

This policy brief develops a metric for 'convenient access' to public transit by combining spatial (distance to stop) and temporal (bus frequency) data. Applying this to Winnipeg, the analysis finds that only 53% of the population has convenient access during peak hours. It further demonstrates that proposed cuts to 22 bus routes would have resulted in 5.6% of residents losing convenient access and 5.54% losing all access to transit. The brief argues that such quantitative monitoring is essential for informing sustainable urban development and evaluating the impact of policy changes on ridership.

The document describes Australia's approach to maximizing domestic participation in the mining sector, emphasizing a 'centrally-driven and cross-industry approach' rather than mandated local content targets. It highlights the role of the Australian Industry Participation (AIP) framework, where targets are negotiated on a case-by-case basis. The study details education-to-employment pipelines, such as the Queensland Minerals and Energy Academy, and the economic impact of the METS sector, which supports 1.1 million jobs. Key lessons emphasize the necessity of collaboration between government, industry, and education to maintain a competitive resources sector.

The document analyzes the rise and fall of Australia's domestic steel industry, which was initially built through protective tariffs, bounties, and an iron ore export ban from 1938 to 1960. While these measures successfully met domestic demand for over 80 years, the industry struggled with low productivity and failed to become globally competitive once protections were lifted. Later attempts by the Western Australian government in 1996 to mandate downstream beneficiation through legislative acts led to expensive projects by BHP and Rio Tinto that never reached economic viability and were eventually written off. The case study concludes that while government intervention can establish downstream industries, long-term success requires a sophisticated industrial policy based on comparative advantages and market capabilities rather than prescriptive requirements.

The document analyzes Botswana's strategy to move beyond diamond extraction by establishing a downstream industry for cutting, polishing, and trading. It highlights how the government used De Beers' declining market power and high reliance on Botswana's rough diamond supply to secure a deal in 2005. This agreement led to the creation of the Diamond Trading Company (DTC) Botswana and the Diamond Technology Park, employing approximately 3,750 people by 2014. However, the study notes challenges from low-cost Asian competitors and the risk that the industry may leave once diamond reserves deplete in 30 to 40 years.

The document analyzes Botswana's approach to increasing local procurement in mining through the Economic Diversification Drive. It identifies a disconnect where demand-side preferences lack enforcement, leaving local procurement dependent on supply-side initiatives. While programs like the Private Sector Development Programme (PSDP) exist, the study finds they often provide reactive support for financial crises rather than proactive management mentoring, suggesting a misalignment between policy priorities and the basic skill needs of small, micro and medium enterprises (SMMEs).

The document describes Canada's use of Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBAs) to protect Indigenous rights and promote employment in the mining sector. It highlights the Voisey’s Bay nickel mine in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the Joint Education and Training Authority (JETA)—funded by a CAD 25 million federal initiative—trained over 1,000 Innu and Inuit people. By November 2016, Innu and Inuit peoples constituted approximately 55 per cent of the mine's workforce, with 90 per cent of those employees coming from adjacent communities.

Kazakhstan employs a mix of demand- and supply-side policies to increase local content in its mining and energy sectors. Key mechanisms include a 20% price preference for national suppliers, a mandatory e-procurement portal for transparency, and the CT-KZ certification for goods. While the government has established rigorous reporting requirements for procurement plans and implementation, the certification process has faced challenges regarding corruption, auditing difficulties across supply chains, and the reliability of local content calculations. Supply-side efforts are led by the State Program of Industrial-Innovative Development of Kazakhstan for 2015–2019, which targets secondary industrial sectors like metallurgy and mining machinery to diversify the economy.

The document analyzes the difficulties of creating sustainable horizontal linkages in Mozambique, where a weak manufacturing base and low human capital hinder the ability of local SMEs to diversify beyond specific 'megaprojects'. While the Mozlink II program generated USD 53 million in incremental sales for SMEs, many firms became overly specialized and dependent on the Mozal smelter, failing to transfer skills to other sectors. The study highlights that supplier development programs are insufficient without a broader strategy to address systemic constraints such as lack of access to finance, low educational attainment, and a policy environment biased toward foreign investment.

The document analyzes Nigeria's struggle to become a net exporter of refined petroleum despite possessing the world's 10th largest crude oil reserves. It details how political interference, opaque financial management by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), and infrastructure decay have led to chronic under-capacity utilization and a reliance on imports. The case study highlights that by 2015, domestically refined petroleum accounted for just over 5% of national consumption. It concludes that government-led downstream efforts can drain public resources without rigorous governance, technical expertise, and policy coherence, particularly regarding fuel subsidies.

South Africa's mining sector historically drove industrialization by creating a specialized upstream supplier sector that overcame unique technological challenges of deep-level mining. These capabilities evolved into horizontal linkages, allowing firms to export expertise in products like coal-washing spirals and underground locomotives to other sectors and global markets. While the sector has declined as a percentage of GDP, it remains a critical export driver. Recent government policies have focused on socio-economic transformation and downstream beneficiation rather than supporting horizontal linkages, while skills shortages and policy uncertainty have hindered recent growth.

South Africa utilizes a combination of mandated procurement percentages and Social and Labour Plans (SLPs) to promote ownership by historically disadvantaged South Africans (HDSAs) in the mining sector. The system employs a scorecard approach under the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) Act, where mining companies are incentivized to procure from high-scoring B-BBEE suppliers to maintain their own scores and avoid fines or the revocation of licenses. Proposed targets for 2019 suggest increasing B-BBEE procurement to 60% for capital goods, 70% for consumable goods, and 80% for services. On the supply side, the Small Enterprise Development Agency (Seda) provides non-financial support, including mentorship and training, though the document notes a lack of connection to finance and targeted investment. The case study concludes that while the scorecard approach offers flexibility, the focus on community development in SLPs and a lack of supply-side investment may hinder the development of larger-scale industrial capacity.

The document analyzes Tanzania's struggle to develop a National System of Innovation (NSI) and horizontal linkages due to low industrial capacity and skill shortages. It focuses on the Central Development Corridor (CDC), a logistics system connecting Dar es Salaam to the Great Lakes hinterland, highlighting how coordination failures, private sector concession collapses, and fluctuating mineral prices have delayed infrastructure progress. While recent improvements in port efficiency and border services have occurred, the study concludes that government-led investment, rather than reliance on mining firms, is essential for multipurpose infrastructure.