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The Canadian Climate Institute has implemented several organizational changes to support Indigenous reconciliation, including hiring a Director of Indigenous Research, establishing cultural leave, and adopting an equity analysis framework. The Institute has integrated Indigenous Knowledge systems into its approach, applying the '4 R’s of Indigenous Research' (respect, relevance, reciprocity, and responsibility) and developing an Indigenous peer review process. Its research efforts include partnerships with Indigenous organizations on topics such as clean energy and permafrost thaw, and the launch of an Indigenous climate case studies program to amplify Indigenous-led research. Ongoing goals include increasing Indigenous representation across the organization and establishing formal Indigenous competencies and standards for staff.

Climate change is projected to significantly increase health costs and mortality in Canada, with tropospheric ozone and heatwaves posing the most substantial financial and human burdens. The report highlights that these impacts will disproportionately affect vulnerable populations due to systemic inequalities like poverty and racism. It warns that Canada's health systems are currently under-prepared, with minimal federal funding dedicated to health adaptation since 2017. The document recommends a dual approach to adaptation: treating immediate symptoms (e.g., emergency alerts) and addressing root causes of vulnerability (e.g., food and water insecurity).

The document outlines how climate change acts as a public health threat in Canada, increasing healthcare costs and deaths. It highlights that vulnerability is driven by social determinants—exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity—and argues that governments must invest in both emergency response and the reduction of underlying social inequalities to mitigate these risks.

The document outlines the growth of the agtech and alternative protein sectors, noting a significant increase in global and Canadian capital investment between 2010 and 2020. It highlights Canada's position as a major agricultural exporter, specifically of pulses, while identifying challenges such as outdated regulation and infrastructure.

The document identifies systemic barriers to decarbonizing Canada's electricity grid, including misaligned utility mandates, vested interests, siloed planning, and market access restrictions. It recommends implementing system-wide decarbonization mandates, technology-neutral Clean Electricity Standards, and performance-based regulation to incentivize innovation. The paper also emphasizes the need for improved interprovincial transmission and larger grid-balancing regions to integrate variable renewable energy.

The document outlines the role of CCUS in low-carbon scenarios, noting its potential to contribute 4% of global CO2 reductions by 2030 and 12% by 2050. It highlights that while CCUS has historically underperformed, investment is increasing, with a global market potentially reaching $4–$10 billion by 2026-27. Canada is positioned as having an early advantage due to expertise in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), geological storage in Alberta and Saskatchewan, and early adoption in coal-fired electricity and oil sands. Notable investments include $685 million for a network in Norway and significant funding for Direct Air Capture (DAC) from the US, UK, and private entities.

The document outlines the growth potential of the clean hydrogen market, noting that global demand could exceed 6% of total final energy consumption by 2050. It highlights Canada's competitive advantages in production due to its geology and renewable energy resources, while identifying barriers such as high costs and infrastructure gaps.

The document argues that while Canada has made progress in decarbonizing power supply, achieving net-zero requires Energy Systems Integration (ESI)—the coordination of energy systems across multiple pathways and scales. It examines five key ESI technologies (electric vehicles, heat pumps, demand response, distributed generation, and hydrogen) and finds that Canadian policy is currently too siloed, relying on voluntary 'soft' incentives rather than systemic market reforms or mandatory legislation. The author highlights significant gaps in information, governance, and implementation, suggesting that a holistic, pan-system approach to modelling and planning is essential to avoid sub-optimal infrastructure lock-in.

The paper analyzes the diverse structures of Canadian provincial electricity markets, noting that a lack of coordination creates economic inefficiencies and hinders the integration of renewable energy. It identifies six primary challenges to integration, including constitutional jurisdictions and vested interests in price differentials. To address these, the author proposes four strategies: enhancing bilateral projects, adopting a bottom-up Nordic-style collaborative model, utilizing the Canadian Free Trade Agreement, or implementing a federal healthcare-type framework of shared principles.

The document outlines the growth potential for mining technology, which includes processes to improve environmental performance and the extraction of minerals for renewable energy and electric vehicles. It highlights a growing 'smart mining' market and notes that while small tech companies are attracting investment, large multinational firms from Canada, the US, and Australia dominate the sector. For Canada, advantages include a high share of global exploration investment and strategic access for US importers, though regulatory barriers and the financial risks of technological leadership persist.

The document identifies a stark divide in Canada's electricity sector between low-emitting provinces (B.C., Manitoba, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Ontario) and fossil fuel-based provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia). To achieve net zero, the author proposes five integrated pathways: expanding variable renewable energy, implementing clean firm supply, enhancing interprovincial transmission, increasing demand flexibility, and deploying energy storage. While wind and solar are now the lowest-cost energy sources, their integration requires complementary resources to manage intermittency and seasonal variation, particularly in Canada's high-latitude environment.

The document details a technical framework for climate impact assessments in British Columbia, focusing on the selection of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and the quantification of heat-related health and labour risks. It establishes a process for downscaling climate data to 111 population centres and applies exposure-response functions to estimate unexpected deaths, hospitalisations, and lost labour hours. The text also outlines several proactive adaptation scenarios—including increased air conditioning adoption, window shading, urban planning, and shifted work hours—and the economic metrics used to conduct cost-benefit analyses for these interventions.

Climate change poses a significant threat to public health in Canada, with costs expected to increase as impacts intensify. Vulnerability is driven by social determinants—exposure, sensitivity, and capacity to adapt—meaning the impacts will not be felt equally across the population. Projected annual costs by the end of the century vary by emissions scenario, with heat-related productivity losses and deaths representing major financial burdens. Effective adaptation requires both treating immediate symptoms through emergency response and addressing root causes like economic inequity and food insecurity.

The report identifies ground-level ozone, heat waves, and Lyme disease as significant health threats in Canada, with ozone-related societal costs potentially reaching $250 billion per year by the end of the century. It emphasizes that climate change will exacerbate existing health inequities driven by poverty and racism, and warns that current federal funding for health adaptation is inadequate, representing only about 0.3 per cent of total federal climate change program funding.

The Canadian Climate Institute recommends that all levels of government implement health adaptation policies addressing both the symptoms and root causes of climate-related health threats. Key proposals include mapping policy levers within a national adaptation strategy, incorporating health resilience into government cost-benefit analyses, and investing in research on emerging and local health impacts, such as mental health and wildfire-related respiratory issues.

The document identifies a 'national adaptation gap' in Canada, characterized by fragmented governance, insufficient funding, and a lack of clear goals. It proposes that the forthcoming National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) should prioritize risks, implement a two-stage policy approach (immediate federal actions followed by a comprehensive national plan by 2024), clarify inter-jurisdictional roles, and establish a transparent monitoring and evaluation framework.

The report identifies a significant gap in Canada's climate adaptation efforts, characterized by fragmented governance and insufficient funding. It proposes that a new National Adaptation Strategy must move beyond previous frameworks by establishing risk-based national priorities, concrete short-term implementation plans, coordinated multi-level governance, and a transparent monitoring and evaluation system to ensure accountability and measurable results.

The report identifies three critical environmental challenges for Canada's mining sector: inadequate mine closure and reclamation, the risk of tailings dam failures, and the cumulative impact of infrastructure on biodiversity. It highlights a legacy of abandoned mines and the 'bankruptcy loophole' that allows companies to avoid cleanup costs. The document compares various Voluntary Sustainability Initiatives (VSIs) and regulatory frameworks, noting Quebec's leadership in financial assurance and British Columbia's Cumulative Effects Framework. It argues that mitigating these risks is a precondition for securing the community support and investor confidence necessary to scale up critical mineral production for the clean energy transition.

The report examines the historical and current state of Indigenous engagement in Canada's resource sector, focusing on the transition to clean energy and critical minerals. It argues that while regulatory frameworks like the Impact Assessment Act have improved since the colonial era, they remain too complex, costly, and onerous, often failing to adequately recognize Indigenous sovereignty. Through case studies in Quebec, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Yukon, and British Columbia, the document illustrates the spectrum of engagement from successful modern treaties and equity partnerships to ongoing conflicts over land title. The authors recommend a shift toward Indigenous-led evaluation and approval processes, the formal acceptance of Indigenous laws, and increased capacity support for communities to ensure the energy transition is equitable and grounded in free, prior, and informed consent.

The report argues that achieving a cost-optimal net-zero building sector in Canada requires a significant shift toward electrification and a reduction in gas use. It warns that current regulatory inertia and the continued expansion of gas networks risk increasing costs for taxpayers and jeopardizing climate goals. The document recommends that provincial governments legislate net-zero targets, move away from gas as the default heating option for new buildings, and provide regulators with the tools to manage a phased contraction of gas infrastructure while ensuring affordability and equity.