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The author contends that official archives and contemporary reports often serve as political legitimization rather than factual records. Using examples such as secret Swedish-US military cooperation, the 1980s submarine incursions in Sweden, and Cold War-era terrorism in Europe, the paper demonstrates how 'formative events' are frequently misinterpreted due to classification. The author advocates for a 'triangulation' method—combining archive material, technical evidence, and oral history—to uncover truths that states intentionally keep off the record.

The paper explores how cybersecurity is being shifted into the domain of warfare, a process the author argues contributes to greater military control over civilian networks. It analyzes three dominant legal models: the view that cyberwar is nearly impossible to regulate, the call for new international treaties, and the prevailing consensus that existing laws of armed conflict (LOAC) are sufficient. The author proposes a 'comprehensive legal approach' that coordinates multiple legal fields to address the full spectrum of cybersecurity threats beyond just the 'war' framing. The text also details the technical and legal difficulties of applying the UN Charter's use-of-force rules and the principles of distinction and proportionality to computer network attacks (CNA).

The document analyzes the intersection of international law and cyberwar, highlighting the tension between those who view cyber attacks as acts of war and those who see them as computer security problems. It critiques the 'cyber-doom' discourse used by 'cyberhawks' to justify increased military spending and the institutionalization of cyberwar units, such as the United States Cyber Command. The author argues that the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) only addresses a small portion of the challenge and suggests that policy makers should instead prioritize critical information infrastructure protection (CIIP) and a 'cyber peace' agenda to prevent the infringement of civil liberties and international instability.

The document examines the tension between international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL), identifying four primary legal logics—co-applicationist, separatist, sceptic, and operational—that shape how these frameworks interact during armed conflict. It highlights that while convergence is often viewed as a positive development in Norwegian policy, it creates significant practical and legal dilemmas regarding extraterritoriality, the principle of proportionality, and the operational clarity required by military forces.

The report assesses the innovation systems of solar PV and CCS, finding that while solar PV is rapidly declining in cost and expanding globally, CCS remains stuck in a 'valley of death' requiring large-scale demonstration. It contrasts the European preference for 'market pull' policies (like feed-in tariffs) with the US emphasis on 'technology push' (R&D funding), arguing that a balanced approach is necessary to meet global climate goals.

The document analyzes the Colombian peace process as a case study for the 'peace versus inclusion' dilemma. While the agreement is noted for its historic inclusivity regarding women and LGBTQ rights, these progressive elements contributed to its initial rejection in a 2016 referendum. The author explores how the pursuit of 'positive peace' (structural change) can clash with the need for public legitimacy and how referenda can paradoxically polarize populations and undermine long-term implementation.

The document details Tanzania's efforts to establish a National REDD+ Strategy by December 2012, supported by a $90 million partnership with Norway. It highlights the role of a National Taskforce in coordinating cross-sectoral efforts, the use of pilot projects to generate local data, and the importance of building on existing participatory forest management (PFM) experience. However, it identifies significant obstacles, including intra-governmental mandate overlaps, limited stakeholder trust, and insufficient resources for community engagement. The brief argues that successful REDD+ implementation requires long-term international support, inclusive governance, and robust protections for community land rights.

The document outlines two primary categories of geoengineering: carbon geoengineering (CO2 removal) and solar geoengineering (solar radiation management). It details a four-stage research progression from theory to large-scale testing and highlights critical ethical, political, and social risks, including moral hazard and equity for vulnerable populations. The authors argue for the urgent development of a transparent international governance framework to manage these technologies responsibly.

The document provides a framework for integrating green growth into national development planning, emphasizing that environmental and economic goals are not mutually exclusive. It outlines a planning process involving vision setting, baseline assessment, option development, and impact analysis. The guide details various economic models—ranging from macro-level computable general equilibrium models to spatial mapping—while highlighting challenges such as data scarcity in least developed countries and the 'black box' nature of complex models. Case studies from Rwanda and the 'Heart of Borneo' illustrate the practical application of these strategies to balance economic growth with climate resilience and natural capital preservation.

The document outlines a framework for 'green growth' that integrates economic development with climate resilience and environmental preservation. It argues that while green growth planning follows conventional economic steps, it requires additional considerations regarding social and environmental dimensions, a diverse range of economic modeling tools, and a pragmatic, iterative approach to accommodate local contexts and data limitations in developing nations.

The report evaluates information tools used to encourage residential energy retrofits, categorizing them by the stage of the decision-making process they target: creating awareness, assisting in planning, and supporting professional implementation. It finds that while individual tools like detailed billing or energy audits can trigger savings, their effectiveness often depends on implementation design, such as 'opt-out' participation and the communication skills of professionals. The document highlights that in Germany, the government aims to reduce buildings' primary energy demand for thermal use by 80% by 2050, requiring a significant increase in the annual retrofit rate.

The document outlines a strategic approach to green growth, emphasizing that economic, social, and environmental goals are not mutually exclusive. It provides a planning framework that moves from vision setting to implementation, highlights various economic models (such as CGE and EE-IO) for impact analysis, and discusses the challenges of applying these tools in developing nations, such as data scarcity and the 'black box' nature of complex models. Case studies from Rwanda and the 'Heart of Borneo' illustrate the practical application of these principles.

The paper uses the CASE II model to analyze how different EU ETS allocation modes and emissions targets (-21% to -34%) affect carbon leakage and production in the cement, aluminium, steel, and electricity sectors. It finds that while output-based allocation (OBA) and border adjustments (BA) can mitigate leakage, they create different trade-offs regarding production levels and electricity prices. The author concludes that carbon leakage must be readdressed if the EU raises its ambition, as the impacts vary significantly by sector and allocation method.

The report identifies three categories of information tools to support residential thermal retrofits: those that raise awareness of benefits, those that assist in planning and investment, and those that train professionals. It finds that while individual tools like detailed billing or in-home displays can reduce energy consumption by 1-10% or more, their effectiveness depends on implementation factors such as 'opt-out' participation, user education, and the quality of professional certification. The document emphasizes that information tools are generally cost-effective and can significantly catalyze energy efficiency investments when tailored to consumer needs.

The report identifies a shift in tropical deforestation from state-initiated to enterprise-driven processes, primarily fueled by global urban and export demand for commodities like beef, soy, palm oil, and timber. While drivers vary by region—cattle and soy in Latin America, palm oil and timber in Southeast Asia, and small-scale farming in Africa—the document highlights that global emissions from land-use change have declined by 39% between 2000 and 2009. It argues that development without deforestation is possible through agricultural intensification, the restoration of abandoned lands, and international mechanisms like REDD+.

The Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue (SAD) has released a second draft of global standards for salmon farming, covering grow-out sites and smolt suppliers. The standards are organized into seven principles: legal compliance, biodiversity conservation, protection of wild populations, resource efficiency, disease and parasite management, social responsibility, and community engagement. Key requirements include strict limits on escapes, the use of area-based management for sea lice, restrictions on transgenic species, and the phase-out of open net-pen smolt production. The standards will be implemented by the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) through third-party certification.

The analysis suggests that in Norway and Brazil, CCS deployment is driven by strategic economic competitiveness and regulatory arrangements rather than solely by climate change mitigation goals or high fossil fuel dependence.

The document concludes that a federal US carbon market is unrealistic for the foreseeable future, but identifies potential for linking the EU ETS with regional systems like the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) and California. It highlights that while the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is operational, its low prices make it an unattractive linking partner. The authors argue that a bottom-up climate architecture, rather than a single global carbon market, is the most likely trajectory for international climate cooperation.

The briefing examines South Africa's refusal to join the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) despite the country's resource wealth and the potential for it to serve as a regional leadership model. It notes that while the South African government believes existing regulations are sufficient, the country's absence from the EITI may undermine the initiative's value for other African nations. The document also discusses the impact of the US Dodd-Frank Act's disclosure requirements for listed mining companies and suggests South Africa adopt similar legislation to improve transparency for its companies operating across the continent.

The research investigates the risk of 'double-counting' international offsets, where both the buying developed country and the supplying developing country claim the same emission reduction toward their pledges. Using a spreadsheet model based on McKinsey abatement cost curves, the authors find that if offsets count twice, global abatement could be reduced by up to 1.6 billion tons CO2e in 2020. This dilution could increase the existing emissions gap by as much as 20%, potentially hindering the goal of limiting warming to 2°C. The paper compares this to a 'Buyer Only' scenario and proposes remedies such as shared crediting, partitioning eligible sectors, and implementing a common international transaction tracking mechanism.