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Climate Central analysis indicates that human-caused climate change has made the extreme heat gripping Spain and southern France in June 2025 at least five times more likely. Temperatures are forecast to reach up to 40°C, with approximately 94% of Spain's population expected to experience at least one day of exceptional climate-driven heat.

The report evaluates three primary responses to the plastics crisis: chemical recycling, separate collection, and reuse/refill. It concludes that chemical recycling is technically and financially unviable, often serving as a 'smokescreen' for the petrochemical industry. In contrast, it identifies high growth potential in separate collection infrastructure, specifically reverse vending machines (RVMs), and long-term equity opportunities in refillable packaging systems, both of which are being driven by increasing global regulation and consumer pressure.

The report argues that Ecoembes and Ecovidrio, the dominant waste management systems in Spain, use their monopoly power and lobbying to prevent the adoption of a mandatory Deposit Return System (SDDR). It highlights that these organizations benefit financially from increased plastic packaging volume, creating a conflict of interest that hinders EU recycling targets. The document also criticizes major supermarkets like Mercadona for opposing the SDDR and promotes the legislative progress in the Balearic Islands as a model for the rest of the country.

The report argues that Spain's plastic waste management is dominated by monopolies like Ecoembes and Ecovidrio, whose business models profit from increased plastic packaging, leading them to lobby against effective solutions like DRS. It highlights the financial burden of litter clean-up on taxpayers, estimated at up to €744 million annually, and criticises retailers for their lack of transparency and opposition to mandatory reforms. While some regions like the Balearic Islands are implementing ambitious laws, the report warns that the Spanish government remains susceptible to industry lobbying, which threatens the country's ability to meet EU targets for separate collection and recycled content by 2030.

The author analyzes how neoliberalism and the 'tertiarization' of the Spanish economy—specifically the dominance of tourism—have fueled regional inequalities and the rise of peripheral nationalisms. The text argues that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these tensions by exposing the fragility of the tourism-dependent model. To mitigate future conflicts and the impacts of climate change, the author proposes a transition toward a 'degrowth' model, emphasizing the revival of organic agriculture in the interior, the promotion of green industries, and the potential reorganization of Spain into a federal state.

The study examines the impact of modern irrigation on farmer vulnerability in the Itoiz-Canal de Navarra region, identifying that small-scale diversified farmers are the most vulnerable to both climate and market stressors due to a lack of adaptive capacity, while intensive farmers are the least vulnerable.

The report examines the impact of transgenic maize, specifically the Bt 176 variety, in Spain. It argues that the Spanish government has failed to implement adequate monitoring and prevention plans, leading to genetic contamination of organic crops and the development of pest resistance. The document claims that transgenic maize does not provide the promised yield increases and poses risks to non-target species and human health through antibiotic resistance markers. It concludes that Spain is uniquely permissive within the EU and calls for a halt to transgenic cultivation until a comprehensive legal and safety framework is established.

The report examines the deployment of Bt 176 GM corn in Spain, highlighting a lack of independent monitoring and the failure of the Spanish government to enforce mandatory 'Prevention Plans'. It documents cases of genetic contamination in organic crops in Navarra and presents evidence from the ITG-A suggesting that corn borers are developing resistance to the Bt toxin. The document further argues that GM corn does not provide superior yields compared to conventional varieties and poses risks to non-target species and human health via antibiotic-resistance genes.

The document examines the rise of the Catalan independence movement and the 2014 non-binding referendum, arguing that the event was a performance of 'simulated sovereignty' because it lacked legal recognition and resulted in judicial action by the Spanish state. It details the historical, economic, and political drivers of the movement, the results of the 2014 vote, and the subsequent political polarization leading toward a planned 2017 referendum.