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This report analyzes the vulnerability of Pakistan's water sector to climate change, finding that while total water volume in the Indus River Basin may remain stable until the 2050s, variability in flow timing and increasing per capita water demand will exacerbate scarcity. It identifies a critical lack of hydrological data for the Upper Indus Basin and recommends modernizing monitoring networks, improving agricultural irrigation, and elevating water scarcity as a primary non-traditional security threat in national policy.