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This annex provides case studies from Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh on implementing solar irrigation. It highlights the challenges of groundwater depletion and the financial barriers for farmers under the PM-KUSUM scheme. Key successes include Rajasthan's targeting of smallholders, Gujarat's innovative solar cooperatives and 'WatchDog Transformers' for grid management, and Andhra Pradesh's large-scale deployment of standalone pumps and BLDC pilots.

This research paper by Aditya Nigam analyzes the Indian government's response to the Covid-19 pandemic, arguing that the state used the health crisis to further a Hindu supremacist agenda, suppress political dissent, and benefit corporate interests while neglecting the welfare of millions of migrant workers.

A case study on the city of Ahmedabad's use of municipal bonds to finance climate-resilient urban development and green infrastructure.

The Bhungroo rainwater harvesting system in Gujarat, India, empowers marginal women farmers by providing them with ownership of water-management technology. This has led to increased agricultural productivity, the conversion of fallow land to cultivable land, and the eventual transfer of land ownership to women. The initiative has reached over 20,000 farmers and contributed to the reverse migration of approximately 6,100 farmers.

This case study examines the implementation of a solar pump cooperative in Dhundi, Gujarat, which provides irrigation and generates income for farmers by selling excess electricity to the grid. The model incentivizes sustainable groundwater use and reduces carbon emissions by replacing diesel pumps.

This report chapter from Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) analyzes development finance for energy projects with gender equality objectives between 2008 and 2018. It highlights a significant gap between general development finance and energy-specific finance targeting gender equality, identifies methodological failures in current tracking systems, and proposes a new framework for reporting and measuring gender-focused energy outcomes.

The Carbon-Free Regions Handbook: Finance is a guide for regional governments on organizing and delivering financial solutions to enable low-carbon transitions. It outlines strategies for increasing capital availability, overcoming up-front costs, creating market incentives, and reducing procurement costs for clean energy assets.

This research paper proposes a theoretical framework for designing a Payment Security Mechanism (PSM) to mitigate counterparty credit risk for renewable energy projects in India. The authors define a PSM as a funded capital reserve providing interest-free working capital to projects when state-owned electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) default on payments. Using a probabilistic methodology and a sample of eight DISCOMs, the paper estimates the size of payment support needed to enhance project credit ratings, concluding that while a PSM can improve ratings up to a BB level, it cannot achieve investment-grade status (BBB or higher) due to non-counterparty risks.

This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) proposes a risk-based framework for selecting ownership models and finance instruments for clean power investments. The authors argue that minimizing the overall cost of the low-carbon energy transition requires allocating specific investment risks—such as construction, price, and curtailment—to the party (private investors, public entities, or consumers) best placed to manage, understand, and bear them.

A statement by Friends of the Earth International criticizing the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for its continued financing of coal projects despite the risks of climate change and local environmental destruction.

A statement by Friends of the Earth International criticizing the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for its continued financing of coal-based projects despite acknowledging the threats of climate change to poverty mitigation in the Asia-Pacific region.

This report by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) outlines its activities and strategic approach to promoting climate compatible development in India. It details the use of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to align Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with sustainable development, the implementation of urban Heat Action Plans, and the promotion of private sector financing for rural renewable energy. The document emphasizes the integration of climate resilience into disaster risk management and the importance of gender-sensitive planning.

This policy brief examines the kerosene subsidy system in India, highlighting its financial costs, systemic inefficiencies, and the barriers it creates for the adoption of off-grid solar lighting. The authors argue that reforming these subsidies is essential to transition rural households toward cleaner energy alternatives.

A case study detailing a record-breaking heat wave in Phalodi, India, on 19 May 2016, and an analysis by the Raising Risk Awareness Project on the role of human-induced climate change in the event.

This report describes the methodology and structure of the Climate Asia study in India, which surveyed 33,500 people across seven Asian countries to understand their experiences with climate change and their communication needs.

This report reviews the State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs) of five Indian states—Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Odisha, and Uttarakhand—to evaluate their effectiveness in disaster risk reduction, financing, vulnerability assessment, and alignment with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.

This research paper examines the structural inequality in the distribution of centrally financed fuel subsidies in India, arguing that Bihar, one of the country's poorest states, consistently receives the lowest per capita subsidy transfers compared to wealthier states.

This research paper describes the development and implementation of the Heat Action Plan in Ahmedabad, India, the first such comprehensive effort in South Asia. The plan focuses on reducing heat-related morbidity and mortality through an early warning system, public awareness campaigns, and capacity building for healthcare professionals, driven by a coalition of local government, academic, and international partners.

This research paper describes a cross-sectional household survey conducted in summer 2011 to assess the factors driving heat vulnerability among slum dwellers in Ahmedabad, India. The study utilized randomized multistage cluster sampling and multivariate logistic regression to identify associations between vulnerability factors and self-reported heat illness.

This case study describes the development and implementation of the Heat Action Plan in Ahmedabad, India. Led by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation in partnership with academic and environmental groups, the plan established the first comprehensive early warning system and heat preparedness strategy in South Asia to protect vulnerable populations from extreme heat.