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This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) details the outcomes of the UNFCCC climate change negotiations held in Bonn from March 29 to April 8, 2009. It outlines the progress made across the four pillars of the Bali Action Plan—mitigation, adaptation, technology, and finance—as parties worked toward a global post-2012 climate agreement intended for conclusion at COP-15 in Copenhagen in December 2009.

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This report evaluates the integration of REDD+ objectives into Indonesia's national development planning and the extent to which its legal and institutional reforms have improved the governance of land-based sectors. It highlights a gap between high-level climate policies and sector-specific development plans, noting that while REDD+ has catalyzed tools like the One Map Initiative and the Integrated Licensing System, institutional challenges persist due to the use of ad-hoc agencies.

This report, produced by the Global Canopy Programme and WCS Indonesia Program, evaluates the policy coherence and trade-offs within Indonesia's development agenda regarding water, energy, and food (WEF) security. Using a WEF nexus framework, the study identifies how competing demands for land and water resources can undermine climate mitigation targets and ecosystem services. It highlights gaps in cross-sectoral and multi-scale coordination, particularly between national goals and local government priorities, and recommends improving geospatial data through the One Map Initiative and utilizing Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) to better manage resource trade-offs.

This guide by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) examines the intersection of climate change and international human rights law. It details how climatic phenomena and the measures taken to mitigate or adapt to them can infringe upon fundamental rights, particularly for vulnerable populations such as indigenous peoples, women, and children. The document outlines key international milestones—including UN Human Rights Council resolutions and the Cancun Agreements—and advocates for a rights-based approach to be integrated into the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) processes.

This discussion paper by the Center for International Environmental Law advocates for a rights-based, comprehensive approach to land-use planning within the UNFCCC's ADP process. It argues that land-sector carbon sequestration is temporary and should not be used to offset permanent fossil fuel emissions, while emphasizing the need to protect food security, biodiversity, and the land rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.

This guide, published by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), provides local community leaders and indigenous peoples with information on human rights and legal tools to defend their interests within the context of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). It explains the REDD+ mechanism, its social and environmental safeguards, relevant international and national rights, and provides practical strategies for negotiation and reporting rights violations.

This guide, published by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) in May 2014, provides indigenous and local community leaders with information on human rights and legal tools to defend their interests during the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) initiatives.

This briefing argues that the UNFCCC is the appropriate venue for addressing international and transboundary drivers of deforestation and that doing so does not inherently violate World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations. The authors contend that joint action by UNFCCC Parties to reduce emissions from deforestation is consistent with both UNFCCC principles and WTO exceptions for environmental protection.

This submission, made on behalf of the Ecosystems Climate Alliance and various partner organizations, provides recommendations to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) on the methodological guidance and modalities for the measuring, reporting, and verifying (MRV) of REDD+ activities.

This report by Climate Policy Initiative and Amazônia 2030 analyzes the role of state public policies in promoting forest restoration in the Brazilian Amazon. It examines the regulatory frameworks of seven states, identifying that while state policies significantly drive mandatory restoration through the Forest Code, there are substantial gaps in incentives for voluntary restoration, integration with carbon markets, and the promotion of native species silviculture.

This community FAQ guide by Friends of the Earth International describes carbon markets, offsetting systems, and carbon credits as "false climate solutions" that perpetuate systems of capitalism, neocolonialism, and extractivism to the detriment of local communities and ecosystems.

A guide by Friends of the Earth International designed to help indigenous peoples and local communities understand and resist carbon markets, which the organization characterizes as a false climate solution that threatens land rights and ecosystems.

This report by Friends of the Earth International analyzes the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP), a pilot REDD+ project funded by the Australian government in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The document argues that the project is an ineffective and unjust approach to climate mitigation that prioritizes low-cost carbon credits over the land rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.

This report by Friends of the Earth International argues that the 'financialization of nature'—the process of assigning prices to ecosystems and atmospheric services—creates new markets that benefit financial actors and corporations while failing to protect the environment and harming local communities.

This document is the first chapter of 'Forests in Focus', published by the NYDF Progress Assessment. It evaluates the progress of the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF), noting that the 2020 target to halve deforestation was not met and highlighting the systemic drivers of forest loss, including financial investment and commodity demand, while calling for increased transparency and the inclusion of Indigenous peoples in forest management.

This document is the first chapter of a report by the Forest Declaration Assessment, a civil society initiative. It outlines the goals of the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF), evaluates the failure to meet its 2020 deforestation reduction targets, and identifies the economic drivers and systemic barriers preventing the protection of global forests.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the outcomes of the 17th Conference of the Parties (COP 17) to the UNFCCC held in Durban, South Africa, in 2011. It evaluates the progress made toward a binding global climate agreement, the operationalization of financing and adaptation mechanisms, and the remaining gaps in mitigation ambition.

This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins analyzes the role of the private sector within the REDD+ supply chain. It identifies key private sector actors—including investors, producers, brokers, advisors, auditors, and end-buyers—and examines the motivations and challenges associated with their engagement. The document argues that while private sector involvement is critical for scaling up investment, it is currently hindered by policy uncertainty and unresolved land tenure and carbon ownership issues. It proposes strategies to stimulate investment, such as leveraging compliance carbon markets and implementing nested crediting frameworks.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) details the outcomes of the UNFCCC climate change negotiations held in Bonn in June and August 2009. It outlines the progress and persistent divisions between developed and developing nations across four key pillars—mitigation, adaptation, technology, and finance—as they worked toward a global post-2012 agreement intended for adoption at COP-15 in Copenhagen.