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This research paper examines the accounting challenges and options for international transfers of mitigation outcomes under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. It focuses on ensuring environmental integrity by preventing double counting and addressing the diversity of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), specifically regarding metrics, time frames, and the nature of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs).

This report summarizes the Sixth Annual Meeting of the San Giorgio Group, held on 8-9 May 2017 in Venice. The discussions focused on scaling up green, low-emissions finance by improving climate finance tracking, evolving financial architecture in emerging markets, overcoming funding constraints for cities, utilizing innovative financial instruments, and enhancing climate risk disclosure to accelerate the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

This briefing by the Climate Bonds Initiative outlines the progress of public policy regarding green bonds in 2016 and projections for 2017. It highlights the emergence of sovereign green bonds, the role of green bonds in financing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and various innovative financial tools used by governments to attract private capital for climate infrastructure.

This fact sheet by the Climate Bonds Initiative outlines public sector activities and policy developments in the green bond market during 2016, emphasizing the role of governments in leveraging private capital to meet climate-aligned infrastructure needs.

This synthesis brief details the Stockholm Environment Institute's (SEI) efforts to support the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. Key areas of focus include the need to phase down fossil fuel production, the creation of a transparent reporting framework, and the importance of equitable mitigation shares, noting that wealthy nations like the US and EU are currently falling short. The brief highlights specific case studies in Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa, and introduces tools such as LEAP and the NDC Explorer to help countries plan and track their climate goals.

This briefing outlines the objectives and challenges associated with creating the 'rule book' for the Paris Agreement, specifically focusing on the tasks and expectations for the COP22 meeting in Marrakech. It emphasizes the need for a transparency and accountability framework to ensure environmental integrity and to scale up climate actions to meet the goal of limiting temperature increases to 1.5 - 2 degrees C.

The 'COP22 Jargon Cheat Sheet' by the World Resources Institute is a guide designed to explain the complex terminology, acronyms, and processes associated with the 22nd Conference of the Parties (COP22) in Marrakech, Morocco, and the implementation of the Paris Agreement.

This research paper analyzes 163 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (I)NDCs submitted by October 12, 2016, to evaluate how their diverse structures impact the robust accounting of international transfers under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The authors categorize targets by type, scope, and methodology, concluding that economy-wide absolute emission targets are the most conducive to straightforward accounting.

This research paper, published by the Stockholm Environment Institute on behalf of the German Environment Agency, provides a comparative analysis of the market mechanisms established under the Kyoto Protocol and the new provisions introduced in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. It examines the differences in purpose, governance, and accounting between the two frameworks to identify lessons for the operationalization of the Paris Agreement's cooperative approaches and crediting mechanisms.

A summary of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the San Giorgio Group (SGG), held in February 2016, which focused on transitioning from climate diplomacy to the implementation of green, low-emissions finance following the Paris Agreement.

The 'GREEN FINANCE: GREEN BOND DIRECTIONS COP22 Highlights' report by the Climate Bonds Initiative details the rapid growth of the green bond market in 2016, emphasizing its role in funding climate mitigation and adaptation to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It highlights the shift toward private sector issuance, the emergence of China as a dominant market, and the necessity of reaching USD 1 trillion in annual issuance by 2020 to substantively address climate change.

This discussion brief examines the review processes of the Paris Agreement, describing it as a hybrid system that combines bottom-up nationally determined contributions (NDCs) with top-down mandatory reporting and review. The authors argue that because NDCs are not legally binding, effective review systems are the primary tools for ensuring countries meet their commitments and for increasing collective ambition to keep global warming well below 2°C.

This policy brief by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines the environmental integrity of international market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. It defines environmental integrity as ensuring that the transfer of emission units does not result in higher global emissions than if Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) were achieved through domestic action alone. Drawing on lessons from the Kyoto Protocol's mechanisms—the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI), and international emissions trading (IET)—the brief identifies critical factors for success: the ambition of NDCs, incentives for future mitigation, the integrity of units, and robust accounting to prevent double counting.

This policy brief by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines the 'enhanced transparency framework' established under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement. It identifies critical gaps in the framework's design, specifically regarding 'built-in flexibility' for developing countries, the tracking of climate finance, and the alignment of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) with reporting requirements. The document provides recommendations for the COP22 conference to establish a roadmap for a fully operational framework by 2018 to ensure data is available for the 2023 global stocktake.

This research paper analyzes public spending on climate change in Peru, specifically focusing on the Adaptation and Mitigation for Climate Change (AMACC) budget. The author argues that current spending trends and allocations are insufficient to meet Peru's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by 2030, noting a lack of territorial focus and a significant decline in funding in recent years.

This report provides recommendations for integrating human rights, social, and environmental principles into the implementation modalities of the Paris Agreement. It argues that climate action must be combined with existing international obligations to ensure a just transition, protect vulnerable populations, and maintain ecosystem integrity.

This report argues that the effective implementation of the Paris Agreement depends on integrating human rights and social and environmental principles into the 'Paris Rulebook.' It emphasizes that climate action must respect the rights of indigenous peoples, ensure gender equality, safeguard food security, promote a just transition for workers, and maintain ecosystem integrity to ensure policy coherence and sustainable results.

This briefing by the Climate Bonds Initiative, produced for COP22, analyzes the growth and governance of the green bond market. It highlights the shift toward private sector issuance, the increasing role of emerging markets like China, and the necessity of reaching USD 1 trillion in annual green emissions by 2020 to support Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

This guide by the Global Climate and Health Alliance details the intersection of the climate crisis and public health, emphasizing the vulnerabilities of children and marginalized groups. It advocates for the integration of health priorities into Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and outlines how mitigation and adaptation strategies in energy, transport, agriculture, and urban planning can yield significant health and economic benefits.

This conceptual note outlines a three-day workshop scheduled for August 6-8, 2025, in Brasilia, Brazil, focused on introducing scientific diplomacy to promote sustainable development and regional priorities in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) ahead of COP30.