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The Energy Savings Insurance (ESI) instrument is designed to stimulate energy efficiency investments by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by mitigating the risk that actual energy savings fall below projections. A pilot in Mexico's agro-industry sector targets 10 fast-track projects valued at USD 2.14 million, utilizing a package of surety insurance, credit lines from FIRA, and third-party verification by ANCE. Financial modeling indicates that the ESI package can absorb 60-80% of the impact of underperformance on debt service repayments, significantly reducing risk for both equity investors and loan providers. The report proposes scaling the initiative to 6-14 additional Latin American and Caribbean countries through a regional facility, with further replication planned for China, India, Indonesia, and Africa, aiming for a global potential of USD 10-100 billion in investments by 2030.

The document calls for the business and insurance sectors to stop funding climate denialism and instead catalyze ambitious action to limit global temperature rise to less than 2 degrees Celsius. It highlights the role of fossil fuel companies in subverting legislative action and the severe economic costs of climate change, citing the Philippines as an example. The author advocates for holding company directors personally liable for misleading the public about climate risks and urges insurers to reconsider providing coverage for anti-climate activities.

The document argues that a gap exists between climate adaptation research and action because traditional framing ignores agency and separates adaptation from mitigation. It proposes an actor-oriented approach to overcome five identified bottlenecks, applying modelling, visualization, and policy analysis to land-use change, energy transitions, and insurance and finance.

The report examines how climate hazards—such as permafrost degradation, sea-level rise, and extreme weather—threaten Canadian infrastructure, including transportation, buildings, and water systems. It finds that while significant economic costs are already being incurred and research is extensive, policy and regulatory responses remain nascent and investment decisions are not yet substantially driven by adaptation needs. The document details regional vulnerabilities and explores enabling factors such as updated building codes, insurance incentives, and industry-led sustainability initiatives to strengthen long-term resilience.

The research identifies a significant lack of mutual understanding regarding roles and responsibilities among flood risk stakeholders in Australia. Findings indicate that insurance providers felt ignored until the 2010–2011 floods, councils felt limited in their risk-reduction options, and the SES felt over-relied upon for response. The paper argues that achieving the shared responsibility vision of the 2009 National Strategy for Disaster Resilience requires better inter-stakeholder understanding and increased personal responsibility from residents.

The document argues that climate change increases flood risk through more intense and frequent extreme events, necessitating a shift from purely infrastructural defenses to a coordinated approach. Using the Ebro river basin as a case study, it demonstrates how spatial hydro-economic models can identify specific drivers of risk across different municipalities and sectors. The author advocates for a combination of institutional alerts, environmental river restoration, and private-sector self-protection to manage vulnerability and exposure.

The document argues that while private sector finance has historically focused on mitigation, there is an emerging market for adaptation finance through instruments like 'Green Bonds' and debt. It highlights that private finance is often concentrated in large emerging economies, necessitating a complementary role for public finance to support the poorest nations. The brief recommends raising awareness among institutional investors and creating a visible pipeline of adaptation projects to attract private capital.

The paper advocates for a risk management approach to climate adaptation that integrates physical prevention with financial risk transfer. It highlights that while many climate losses can be averted through cost-effective measures, residual risks necessitate insurance and capital market instruments to protect vulnerable economies. Using examples from India and the Caribbean, it emphasizes the role of public-private partnerships and quantitative cost-benefit analysis in building climate resilience.

The document highlights a significant funding shortfall for climate adaptation in developing countries, noting that estimates of annual needs range from USD 9 billion to over USD 109 billion. It examines the tension between 'mainstreaming' adaptation into Official Development Assistance (ODA)—which enhances sustainability but is viewed by developing nations as a way for donors to avoid new funding—and 'stand-alone' adaptation, which is easier to track as new and additional funding. The brief advocates for the Adaptation Fund's model of direct representation for developing countries and suggests exploring private sector insurance-related options to bridge the funding gap.

P50 Risk Solutions is an insurance product intended to guarantee minimum revenue for wind farms to reduce the cost of capital and attract new investment. However, analysis using a case study project indicates that the product is not commercially viable because the reduction in financing costs does not offset the insurance premiums. Furthermore, the document concludes that even with donor support, the product would not significantly attract new institutional or bond market investors, as wind variability is viewed as a secondary risk compared to off-taker payment defaults in the Indian renewables sector.

The document examines the vulnerability of India's financial system to climate change, noting that extreme climate events affect over 75% of Indian districts and could reduce annual GDP by 2.5% to 4.5%. It identifies significant gaps in the Indian financial sector, including limited data on risk factors, a lack of a green taxonomy, and a reliance on external credit ratings that do not capture the long-term quality of green projects. The paper advocates for the adoption of the TCFD framework for disclosures, the implementation of climate-specific stress tests, and the development of innovative products such as parametric insurance and carbon ratings. It specifically highlights the need for tailored interventions for the MSME sector and improvements in the payout efficiency of natural disaster insurance.

The FSD Africa and FSDAi venture finance portfolio consists of numerous funds and platforms targeting climate action, gender-lens investing, and financial inclusion across the African continent. Key climate-focused initiatives include Africa Climate Ventures, which aims to reduce 100 million tonnes of carbon emissions by 2030, and the Catalyst Fund, which targets 40 pre-seed climate resilience start-ups. Gender-focused funds such as Aruwa Capital and RiTA Fund I specifically address capital imbalances for female-led businesses. The portfolio also includes sector-specific vehicles for fintech (First Circle Capital), insurance (Inclusive Insurance Investment Fund), and renewable energy (Nithio, Spark Energy), utilizing a mix of equity, grants, and debt to catalyze private investment and drive sustainable economic growth.

The document analyzes insurance penetration and market performance in Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, and Rwanda, highlighting a significant risk-protection gap. In Nigeria, only 8% of 138 million adults with bank accounts and mobile phones are covered by insurance. Across the four countries, the combined insurance asset base exceeded USD 10 billion in 2016, yet investments remain predominantly short-term, and a large portion of non-life risk is transferred offshore, particularly in Nigeria (81%) and Ghana (65%).

The RRI programme, a partnership between Cenfri and FSD Africa, worked to remove barriers to inclusive finance for an estimated 5.6 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. The initiative focused on regulatory reform, capacity building for 750 regulators, and providing advice to 530 financial service providers to foster innovation in payments, insurance, and remittances. Key findings highlight that simple adaptations to supervisory processes are often more effective than complex regulatory sandboxes and that regional payment and data infrastructure are critical for the success of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA).

The document argues that NAP processes are central to minimizing loss and damage through adaptation and can inform the operationalization of loss and damage funding. It highlights that NAPs contain country-specific data on vulnerabilities, risks, and adaptation limits, while providing statistics on how frequently specific loss and damage concepts—such as slow-onset events, non-economic losses, and human mobility—appear in these plans.

The document argues that well-designed disaster risk management strategies, including insurance, are essential adaptation investments to protect developing countries from the increasing economic damages of climate-related disasters. Insurance is presented as a tool to transfer risk, provide immediate liquidity, and build resilience by allowing markets to share the costs of adaptation.