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This guide from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) explains the nature of fossil fuel subsidies, the challenges of reforming them, and the benefits of transitioning to targeted social protection and clean energy. It highlights the role of the Coalition on Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Incentives Including Subsidies (COFFIS) in fostering international cooperation and transparency to make these reforms politically and socially viable.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development maps energy support and revenues in Chhattisgarh, India, from fiscal years (FY) 2020 to 2024. It analyzes the distribution of subsidies and public sector investments across fossil fuels and clean energy, highlighting a significant imbalance where fossil fuel subsidies are four times higher than those for clean energy.

The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) evaluates Canada's 2025 federal budget, noting a contradiction between investments in clean energy and critical minerals and the continued subsidization of the oil and gas sector.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) argues that the commitment made at COP 28 to transition away from fossil fuels is currently failing, with production plans exceeding 1.5°C limits. It identifies COP 30 in Belém as a critical juncture for governments to align financial flows, increase the ambition of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and operationalize the Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP).

This guide provides a structured framework for governments to develop and implement national or subnational fossil fuel subsidy (FFS) phase-out plans. It advocates for a whole-of-government approach to coordinate across ministries and proposes a three-category classification system to prioritize subsidies based on their risk to energy security, social stability, and political feasibility. The framework aims to move governments from general commitments to actionable, time-bound implementation roadmaps.

This briefing by Zero Carbon Analytics examines the disproportionate impact of air pollution on children under five, highlighting how structural economic dependencies on fossil fuels and polluting infrastructure drive a global environmental justice crisis. It details the physiological vulnerabilities of children, the link between maternal exposure and lifelong chronic diseases, and provides case studies from South Africa, Brazil, Nigeria, and Bangladesh to illustrate the specific drivers of child mortality and morbidity.

The 'Phasing out plan for fossil fuel subsidies' is a report by the Netherlands Ministry of Climate Policy and Green Growth, published in October 2025. It outlines the Dutch government's strategy to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies through a 'Whole of Government Approach,' focusing on international cooperation, European Union alignment, and national policy adjustments. The plan emphasizes the 'polluter pays' principle and utilizes both an 'external costs approach' and an 'inventory approach' to identify and quantify fossil fuel benefits, which amounted to 18.0 billion euros in 2024.

The 'Uitfaseerplan fossiele brandstofsubsidies' is a report by the Dutch Ministry of Climate and Green Growth (published via IISD) detailing the Netherlands' strategy to phase out fossil fuel subsidies. The plan emphasizes a 'Whole of Government Approach' and focuses on international and European cooperation to prevent carbon leakage and maintain a level playing field. It outlines specific national measures, including the use of an 'external costs approach' to identify pricing gaps, and provides a detailed inventory of existing subsidies, categorizing them by their phase-out status and legal constraints.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes public financial support for the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector in British Columbia, arguing that government subsidies shift risks from private investors to the public while ignoring environmental costs and market volatility.

The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) submitted a statement to the OECD in September 2025 proposing a 'problem-driven' approach to investment treaty design. The document argues that investment treaties should evolve from static instruments of investor protection into active tools that support states' binding climate obligations, as highlighted by a July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion. IISD suggests a three-step framework: assessing the realistic capabilities and limitations of treaties, identifying specific climate-related policy problems (such as energy sector bottlenecks and fossil fuel subsidy reform), and determining specific avenues for positive contribution, including transparency requirements and mandatory responsible business conduct for investors.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) inventories the public financial support provided by the governments of Canada and British Columbia to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector. It argues that billions in public funds have been directed toward an industry with uncertain economic viability and high environmental costs, shifting risks from the private sector to the public and undermining climate targets.

This executive summary outlines a methodology for phasing out 'inefficient' fossil fuel subsidies in Latin America, prioritizing the removal of production subsidies over consumption subsidies. Through case studies in Colombia and Mexico, the report demonstrates that production subsidies—specifically oil infrastructure subsidies in Colombia and PIDIREGAS in Mexico—result in net economic losses when environmental costs and value-added losses are included. The document recommends reallocating these funds to sectors with higher employment and investment multipliers, such as construction, agriculture, and renewable electricity, to support a just energy transition.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development analyzes the economic risks of continued investment in Canadian oil and gas production under various International Energy Agency demand scenarios, suggesting that restricting expansion is the most effective way to mitigate financial risks and leverage economic potential for clean industries.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development analyzes geopolitical risks to development finance ahead of the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4) in Seville. It identifies critical vulnerabilities for low-income countries—including aid cuts, trade instability, and debt crises—and proposes six implementation priorities to 'future-proof' the global development finance landscape.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) provides detailed recommendations to strengthen the first draft of the outcome document for the Fourth Financing for Development Conference (FFD4). The document focuses on enhancing domestic resource mobilization, reforming private finance, improving climate financing for vulnerable nations, updating international trade rules, and establishing more robust debt-relief mechanisms.

This research paper analyzes the G7's failure to meet its 2025 deadline to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, noting that subsidies reached a record USD 282 billion in 2023. The author examines the drivers of this increase, the distribution of subsidies across G7 members, and provides policy recommendations for the G7 to advance reform under Canada's presidency.

The 'Ascensão e Queda 2025' report by Global Energy Monitor and partners tracks the global coal power pipeline as of April 2025. It highlights a paradoxical year where the world saw the lowest amount of new coal capacity in twenty years, yet China and India reached record levels of construction starts and new proposals, respectively.

The report 'Auge y caída del carbón 2025' by Global Energy Monitor analyzes global coal power trends in 2024, highlighting a record low in new capacity additions globally, despite significant construction surges in China and new proposals in India. It details the acceleration of coal phase-outs in the EU and the UK, while examining the persistence of coal subsidies in Brazil and the challenges of transitioning in other regions like Colombia and Southeast Asia.

This options paper by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) provides a framework for governments to develop international agreements to reform and reduce fossil fuel subsidies (FFS). It outlines six key building blocks for such agreements: objectives, scope, substantive disciplines, carve-outs and exceptions, special and differential treatment (SDT), and enforcement mechanisms.

This briefing note from the International Institute for Sustainable Development outlines the barriers to phasing out fossil fuel subsidies in international aviation and maritime shipping and provides recommendations for taxation and emissions levies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create a level playing field across transport modes.