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This research paper introduces a conceptual framework designed to identify and select responses to cross-border climate impacts, addressing the limitation that adaptation is typically treated as a local or national governance issue.

This research paper examines the potential for cross-border climate change impacts to affect the European Union through trade, human security, and finance, identifying specific regional 'hotspots' of risk despite overall uncertainty in the current research.

This research paper introduces a conceptual framework and nomenclature designed to analyze cross-border climate change impacts, which occur remotely from the initial location of the climate trigger. The framework distinguishes between initial impacts, downstream consequences moving through an 'impact transmission system', and adaptation efforts moving through a 'response transmission system'.

This research paper examines the pathways through which the European Union is exposed to climate change impacts occurring outside its borders, noting that many EU countries exceed global averages in exposure across several key risk indicators.