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The document examines how global warming threatens fundamental human rights—including the rights to food, water, health, and housing—and explores the legal frameworks available for redress. It reviews international environmental law, the outcomes of the 2009 Copenhagen Conference, and existing jurisprudence from human rights tribunals. The authors argue that climate-related harms are not 'new territory' for litigation but fit within established legal principles. The paper specifically evaluates the CESCR's current work and proposes eleven recommendations to better anchor climate change in the Committee's state reporting, general comments, and the use of its Optional Protocol for individual and inter-state complaints.

The report examines the role of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) in promoting energy efficiency in developing countries. While the ESCO model—where remuneration is linked to energy savings—has succeeded in developed nations and recently in China, it faces significant hurdles elsewhere. Key barriers include limited access to financing, high transaction costs, government policy disincentives such as energy subsidies, and a lack of technical and financial human resources. The document details the impact of international agencies like the World Bank and domestic government programs in countries such as Brazil, India, and South Korea. It recommends a combination of loan guarantees, the elimination of energy price subsidies, the creation of standardized contracts, and the development of domestic commercial banking capacity to sustain the industry.

The report analyzes how the Canadian agricultural sector can contribute to greenhouse gas reductions and the economic implications of emerging climate policies. It highlights the potential for carbon sequestration in soils and the role of bioenergy, while discussing the complexities of implementing a national cap-and-trade system. Key concerns include the integrity of agricultural offsets, the risk of carbon reversal, and the impact of international trade rules and U.S. policy alignment on Canadian competitiveness.

The Stanford Environmental Law Clinic, on behalf of CDM Watch, analyzes Project 3020's compliance with the revised ACM0013 methodology. The analysis concludes that the project is non-additional because its claimed emission reductions rely on a prohibited fuel-switching loophole (substituting domestic for imported coal). By applying conservative coal spot prices rather than the project's underestimated Indonesian coal costs, the analysis finds that supercritical technology is the most financially attractive baseline scenario, meaning the project does not meet additionality requirements.

Carbon Market Watch identifies a gap in the CDM process where public input ceases after the validation report is submitted, leaving no official way for civil society to challenge incorrect claims or trigger reviews. The submission recommends extending registration notifications to the public via mailing lists and allowing 10 UNFCCC accredited observer organisations or 100 individuals to trigger review requests to improve accountability and efficiency.

Carbon Market Watch questions the additionality of the Huaneng Wuchuan Lihanliang Phase I Wind Farm Project, citing outdated investment benchmarks and a failure to account for similar wind projects in Inner Mongolia. The statement further argues that claims regarding local employment are unsubstantiated, bird wildlife impacts are ignored, and stakeholder consultations are poorly documented.

The paper examines the tension between international investment law and climate action, arguing that common investor protections can hinder environmental regulation. It suggests specific drafting changes to IIAs to preserve policy space and explores using the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism as a model for promoting green investment.

The document examines how the Japanese steel industry, a major global producer, can engage in climate mitigation under post-2012 frameworks. It contrasts sectoral approaches—which are favored by energy-intensive industries to prevent carbon leakage and maintain competitiveness—with cap-and-trade systems. The author proposes four options for integration: incorporating sectoral approaches into Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) or CDM reforms, establishing agreements outside the UNFCCC, relying on non-binding recognition of commitments, or implementing transnational sectoral trading. It concludes that while the Japanese government's support for sectoral approaches shifted under the Hatoyama administration, the industry continues to support them due to low costs and international competition risks.

The document examines the intersection of the right to development and climate change, focusing on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It argues that while the CDM facilitates technology transfer and emissions reductions, it lacks sufficient human rights safeguards, equitable geographical distribution, and accountability mechanisms. The author proposes integrating a rights-based approach (RBA) and refining the High-Level Task Force's (HLTF) evaluation criteria to include science-based decision-making and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR).

Carbon Market Watch highlights a record increase in the number of CDM projects and CER issuances under review by the Executive Board due to the poor performance of Designated Operational Entities (DOEs). The document criticizes the current policy framework for lacking substance and proposes specific transparency measures and sanctions, including automatic suspensions and financial penalties, to ensure the integrity of carbon credits.

The document analyzes the political and technical status of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD-plus) following the 2009 Copenhagen Accord. It details the outcomes from various UNFCCC negotiating tracks, including the AWG-LCA and SBSTA, and identifies critical gaps in forest definitions, safeguards, and monitoring systems. The report proposes a phased approach to Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) based on IPCC tiers and discusses the tension between national and subnational implementation. It also examines the integration of REDD-plus with Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and the necessity of coordinating financing through both grant and market-based mechanisms.

The report analyzes the Chilean electricity sector's transition toward clean energies, specifically Non-Conventional Renewable Energies (NCRE). It details the current dominance of fossil fuels and large hydro, the impact of the 2008 Law 20.257 establishing renewable quotas, and the role of CORFO in providing pre-investment incentives. While noting a positive investment climate and growing interest from foreign investors, the document identifies significant barriers, including high economic risk due to the lack of stable long-term pricing, high market concentration, and limited access to financing for small developers. It concludes by recommending a more comprehensive national strategy that internalizes environmental externalities and enhances technical and human capital.

The document serves as a toolkit for civil society to navigate the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol. It details the seven-step project cycle—from the creation of the Project Design Document (PDD) to the issuance of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)—and highlights specific windows for public intervention, such as the 30-day public consultation period. The guide emphasizes the importance of 'additionality' and 'baselines' to prevent the issuance of false carbon credits and explains special project categories like small-scale activities, carbon sinks (afforestation/reforestation), and Programmes of Activities (PoA).

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Toolkit is a resource for civil society to navigate the complex process of carbon credit generation under the Kyoto Protocol. It details the seven-step project cycle—from the creation of the Project Design Document (PDD) to the issuance of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)—and highlights critical technical requirements such as additionality and baseline estimation. The document emphasizes the role of Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) as validators and verifiers and outlines specific rules for small-scale, sinks, and Programme of Activities (PoA) projects. It specifically guides users on how to utilize the 30-day public comment period and other intervention points to challenge non-additional or socially harmful projects.

The research paper analyzes Germany's engagement with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) up to July 2009, arguing that both the global mechanism and German state policy prioritize the quantity of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) over the quality of sustainable development. The author finds that German projects are heavily concentrated in Asia, particularly China and India, and are dominated by large-scale industrial 'end-of-pipe' projects that offer minimal sustainable development benefits. The document concludes that the German government uses the CDM primarily as a tool for economic and export promotion rather than as a means to achieve genuine climate and development goals, thereby 'abusing' the mechanism's original purpose.

The report argues that food security in mainland Southeast Asia is a complex, cross-cutting issue that cannot be addressed solely through agricultural policy. It examines how trade liberalization can stimulate economic growth and food access, while climate change threatens agricultural availability and stability through extreme weather events. Using Cambodia as a case study, the document highlights the vulnerability of agrarian economies to external shocks, such as the 2008 food crisis and the 200810 global recession. The author concludes that food security requires a holistic, participatory approach with a long-term vision, urging countries in the Mekong region to resist protectionist measures like rice cartels and to integrate climate adaptation into national planning.

Mozambique possesses significant hydropower, natural gas, and coal potential, yet over 80% of its population lacks grid connectivity, relying instead on traditional biomass. The report details the country's transition from a centralized socialist economy to a liberalized market, highlighting the role of the 1997 Electricity Act in opening the sector to private investment. It examines the functions of key entities like Electricidade de Moçambique (EDM) and the National Energy Fund (FUNAE), while outlining strategic goals to increase electrification rates to 20% by 2020 and leverage regional power demand through the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP).

Brazil possesses a relatively low-carbon energy matrix, but its overall greenhouse gas emissions are dominated by agriculture and deforestation. While deforestation rates have declined, rapid economic growth, increasing energy demand, and the discovery of pre-salt offshore oil fields threaten to increase energy-related emissions. Domestically, climate policy is shifting from a foreign relations issue to a central political topic, with sub-national initiatives—particularly in São Paulo—pushing for more ambitious absolute targets. Internationally, Brazil positions itself as a broker between BASIC countries and Annex I nations, emphasizing its leadership in biofuels and REDD while maintaining a commitment to the sovereign right to development.

The report finds that projections for international greenhouse gas offset supply vary by billions of tons annually, with marginal abatement curve (MAC) based estimates being highly optimistic compared to those based on historical market trends. While gross supply is expected to exceed U.S. demand by 2020, net availability will be constrained by competition from other nations, developing countries' own mitigation commitments, and significant uncertainties in program design and market infrastructure.

The report identifies energy insecurity, water scarcity, and climate change as significant financial risks for commercial buildings in South and Southeast Asia. It details how these trends increase utility costs, accelerate building depreciation, and cause construction delays. To mitigate these risks, the report proposes a risk assessment framework based on building location (exposure) and design (vulnerability). It further argues that green building investments can reduce these risks and provide net positive financial returns, often within three to five years, particularly in the Indian market.