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The document examines the evolving integration of ocean issues into the UNFCCC climate process, noting a shift from limited recognition in the Paris Agreement to the establishment of the annual Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue. While 2022 saw significant momentum through the 'Super Year of the Ocean' and the BBNJ agreement, the author argues that COP27 outcomes were overly process-oriented and lacked strong language on finance. For COP28, the brief recommends that African stakeholders leverage regional forums and the African Group of Negotiators to shift the global dialogue from knowledge sharing to concrete implementation, utilizing regional successes like the Great Blue Wall and Seychelles' debt-for-nature swap to advocate for increased finance, capacity building, and technology transfer.

The Republic of Armenia is proposing a Readiness Programme to address critical regulatory and capacity gaps in the management of electronic waste (e-waste) from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. As Armenia aims to increase solar energy generation to 15% (1,000 MW) by 2030 and target 100,000 imported EVs by 2030, the lack of end-of-life standards poses environmental risks and potential economic barriers to investment. The programme, implemented by the Armenian National Interests Fund (ANIF) and overseen by the Ministry of Environment, will conduct risk assessments, develop targeted legislation, explore socio-economic opportunities for recycling through public-private partnerships, and build stakeholder capacity. The total requested amount is USD 648,581 for an 18-month implementation period.

The 2023 Clean Air NDC Scorecard reveals a significant gap in the integration of air quality and health into national climate plans, with an average score of 3.5/15 across 170 analysed NDCs. Low- and middle-income countries generally outperform high-income countries, with Colombia and Mali achieving the highest scores (12/15). Conversely, several high-emitting nations, including Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, scored 0/15. The analysis highlights a critical disconnect in countries with high air pollution mortality, such as North Korea and the Solomon Islands, where NDCs fail to recognise the links between climate action and healthy air.

The document emphasizes that financing strategies for adaptation should not exist in isolation but should be aligned with other national financing strategies to ensure a coordinated approach to public and private finance. Such alignment facilitates better prioritization, consistent messaging to international partners, and the integration of climate risks into all national investments and public budgeting.

The report examines Ghana's climate adaptation landscape, highlighting the gap between national policy and community-level implementation. It identifies specific locally led adaptation (LLA) practices—such as climate-smart agriculture and nature-based coastal solutions—and argues for the devolution of finance, integration of traditional knowledge, and clearer definitions of 'local' to enhance resilience in vulnerable communities.

The proposal seeks USD 615,650 over 24 months to address four primary barriers in Angola: inadequate institutional capacity within the NDA, the absence of national direct access accredited entities, a lack of strategic frameworks for GCF investment and private sector mobilization, and a weak project pipeline. The project, implemented by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), aims to establish a no-objection procedure, develop a Country Programme Document, create a climate finance tagging system, and produce two high-quality project concept notes for GCF submission. It also includes the development of an NDA website to increase stakeholder awareness.

The report examines the disconnect between Nigeria's top-down climate adaptation frameworks and the actual practices of frontline communities. Through case studies in Ogun, Lagos, and Anambra states, it demonstrates that community-led initiatives—such as biogas production, aquaculture modifications, and traditional erosion control—are already occurring despite limited finance and technical support. The authors argue that integrating these bottom-up strategies into national policies like the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) is essential for sustained climate resilience.

The report evaluates the CCIA for the Tetra4 Cluster 2 gas field expansion, which includes up to 400 test wells and 300 production wells. The author argues that the CCIA fails to meet South African legal requirements for a full life-cycle emissions assessment, specifically citing the omission of Scope 3 emissions from the final impact determination and several errors in Scope 1 calculations. Key technical failures identified include the use of outdated global warming potential (GWP) values, unrealistic flaring efficiency assumptions, and the omission of methane emissions from well drilling and operational gas production. Additionally, the report finds that the CCIA provides an unsupported claim that the project's LNG will replace more GHG-emitting fuels, while failing to account for the transport of 40% of the produced LNG.

The research examines the relationship between international public climate finance and the mitigation ambitions of developing countries using data from 2015-2020. The study finds a positive but statistically insignificant effect of finance on ambition, noting that this effect is more pronounced for least developed countries than for small island developing states.

The report examines climate adaptation in Senegal, finding that while locally led adaptation (LLA) is active and aligns with national goals, it is hindered by significant financing gaps and a lack of integration into central government policy and governance.

This briefing from the Center for International Environmental Law clarifies the distinctions and complementarities between national implementation plans (NIPs), national action plans (NAPs), and nationally determined contributions (NDCs) within the context of multilateral environmental agreements, specifically providing recommendations for a future plastics treaty.

The report identifies livestock fermentation, rice cultivation, and land-use changes as primary drivers of agri-food methane emissions. It argues that transitioning to plant-rich diets, improving livestock management, and adopting sustainable rice farming can reduce greenhouse gases while improving public health by reducing air pollution and non-communicable diseases.

The report details how methane accelerates global warming and degrades air quality by forming tropospheric ozone, leading to significant respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity. It identifies the agricultural (over 40%), energy (35%), and waste (20%) sectors as the primary sources of anthropogenic methane. The document argues that rapid methane reduction can provide immediate health benefits, potentially avoiding 255,000 deaths and 775,000 emergency room visits for asthma annually through available mitigation measures.

The report outlines how methane contributes to global warming and ground-level ozone, leading to significant respiratory and cardiovascular health risks. It identifies agriculture, energy, and waste as the primary anthropogenic sources of methane and advocates for both transformational system changes and near-term technical solutions to reduce emissions and improve public health.

The report identifies municipal solid waste and wastewater as significant contributors to anthropogenic methane emissions, accounting for approximately 12% and 8% respectively. It details how poor waste management leads to health crises, including respiratory diseases from landfill fires and waterborne illnesses from untreated sewage. The document proposes a 'waste hierarchy' approach—prioritizing reduction and reuse—and technical solutions such as anaerobic digestion and landfill gas (LFG) capture. Case studies from Nigeria, Indonesia, India, and the Philippines illustrate the potential for these interventions to reduce premature deaths, create economic value through biogas, and improve sanitation in the Global South.

The report identifies that the waste sector, comprising municipal solid waste and wastewater, contributes one fifth of global anthropogenic methane emissions. It argues that improving waste management—through organic waste diversion, landfill gas capture, and upgraded sanitation—can significantly reduce tropospheric ozone and prevent millions of premature deaths. The document provides a framework for health professionals to advocate for these changes and highlights case studies from Nigeria, Indonesia, India, and the Philippines to demonstrate the feasibility of methane mitigation and its associated health and economic benefits.

The report details how the oil, gas, and coal industries contribute significantly to anthropogenic methane emissions and the associated health risks from co-emitted pollutants. It advocates for a transition to clean energy and the adoption of specific technical solutions to reduce methane leaks and flaring, highlighting the immediate health benefits of such actions.

The report details how the energy sector contributes significantly to global anthropogenic methane emissions, specifically through oil and gas extraction (23%) and coal mining (12%). It highlights the severe health risks associated with methane and its co-pollutants, such as tropospheric ozone, NOx, and PM2.5, which contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The document advocates for a full phase-out of fossil fuels while recommending immediate technical solutions—such as leak detection, vapor recovery units, and the banning of fracking—to reduce near-term warming and protect public health, particularly in vulnerable communities in Iraq, Nigeria, South Africa, and Canada.

The report identifies a gap between Indonesia's international climate pledges and its domestic energy policies, which continue to favor coal. It highlights a governance model characterized by sectoral silos, informal decision-making influenced by politically exposed persons (PEPs) from the coal sector, and significant financing shortfalls for renewable energy.

The report analyzes South Africa's Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) using a 'two-level game' framework to examine the interaction between international diplomacy and domestic politics. While the JETP provided a country-led platform to articulate financial needs and accelerated conversations on NDC implementation, it has faced significant hurdles. These include a lack of transparency from the International Partners Group (IPG), a contested domestic political landscape characterized by ministerial 'turf wars', and a financial package heavily weighted toward loans rather than grants. The study highlights that the JETP's success depends on South Africa's ability to build institutional capacity and deliver on implementation to maintain international credibility, while the IPG must provide more transparent and justice-oriented funding.