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This guide from the International Institute for Sustainable Development explains the role and trends of international public finance in the energy sector, specifically focusing on the activities of G20 governments and multilateral development banks (MDBs).

The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2025 summary handout reports that global climate finance reached a record USD 1.9 trillion in 2023, driven largely by private sector growth. Despite this increase, a significant gap remains between current flows and the investment needed to meet global climate goals, with mitigation finance dominating the landscape while adaptation finance saw a decline in 2023.

This report analyzes the rural credit policy landscape for climate finance related to land use in Brazil from 2021 to 2023. It examines the volume of climate-related credit, the criteria used for classification, the sources of funding, and the challenges regarding the verification and actual environmental impact of these financial flows.

This report describes the methodology used by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) to quantify and compare financial flows for land use with climate action components in Brazil for the period 2021-2023. It details the criteria for classifying finance into mitigation, adaptation, dual benefits, and loss and damage, while outlining the data sources and the 'Climate Finance Ecosystem' used to track public and private resources.

The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) report 'Tracking and Mobilizing Private Sector Climate Adaptation Finance' introduces a new methodology and taxonomy to better track private sector investments in climate adaptation. By utilizing a bespoke taxonomy and a machine learning model, CPI increased the annual average of tracked private adaptation finance for the 2019-2022 period from USD 1 billion to USD 4.7 billion. The report identifies significant data gaps, particularly among insurers and pension funds, and highlights that the majority of tracked project-level investment is concentrated in the water and sanitation sector.

The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) developed a beta version of a climate finance landscape for California, analyzing public and private investments from 2019 to 2022 and estimating future investment needs to meet the state's 2045 climate goals.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes climate-aligned investments within Indonesia's financial sector from 2015 to 2021, highlighting a significant financing gap and the differing roles of public and private financial institutions in supporting the country's net zero goals.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the financing landscape of Indonesia's power sector from 2015 to 2021. It highlights a significant gap between current investment trends and the funding required to meet the country's Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2060 targets, while detailing the shift from fossil fuel to renewable energy finance.

This report by the NewClimate Institute evaluates the role of Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) and Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) in transitioning the land sector toward Paris Agreement goals. It argues that current frameworks and strategies are insufficient, often prioritizing economic development and efficiency over transformative climate action, and identifies significant gaps in climate safeguards for projects in specific countries.

This briefing by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) proposes a methodology to track incremental energy efficiency investments in certified green buildings. Using a global database of over 16,000 certifications from 2019-2020, the report argues that current green certifications are often inconsistent indicators of actual energy performance and that energy efficiency investments represent only a small fraction of total building construction costs.

A statement by research organizations tracking global recovery spending calling for the redirection of COVID-19 stimulus away from carbon-intensive activities toward nature- and climate-positive investments to align with the 1.5°C temperature limit of the Paris Agreement.

This March 2020 report by Global Energy Monitor and partners tracks the global development of coal-fired power plants in 2019. It highlights a general global decline in new coal plant starts and pre-construction activity, contrasted with a net increase in global capacity driven primarily by China. The report details the shift in financing away from Western commercial banks toward public finance, particularly from Japan and China, and notes a record low in global coal plant utilization.

This report by Global Energy Monitor and partners tracks global coal-fired power plant plans as of 2019. It highlights a general decline in new coal plans and construction globally, though China remains a significant outlier due to the completion of projects permitted years prior. The report details the shift in financing away from commercial banks toward public funding and examines regional trends across the OECD, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

This report by Global Energy Monitor, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, and CREA analyzes global coal power plant trends in 2019. It highlights a general decline in new coal development and operational capacity globally, though this trend is heavily skewed by China, which continued to increase its capacity. The report details the financial pressures on the coal industry, the role of public funding, and regional shifts in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the OECD.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) identifies at least CAD 600 million in Canadian federal fossil fuel subsidies in 2019 and calls for greater transparency and a phase-out of these subsidies to align with climate goals.

South Africa's 2nd Biennial Update Report (BUR-2) provides a comprehensive overview of the country's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 2000 to 2012, its mitigation strategies, and the financial and technical support received to transition toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy by 2030.

This briefing by the World Resources Institute outlines six critical areas of climate finance to monitor during the COP 21 negotiations in Paris. It emphasizes the need for developed countries to meet the $100 billion annual funding goal by 2020, the importance of increasing adaptation funding, and the necessity of transparent reporting and a predictable finance cycle to support developing nations.

This executive summary by the World Resources Institute (WRI) analyzes the 'fast-start' climate finance pledges made by developed countries following the 2010 Cancun Agreements. The document evaluates whether these pledges meet international criteria regarding the balance between adaptation and mitigation, additionality, and prioritization of vulnerable nations, while highlighting significant gaps in reporting transparency and consistency.

This report, submitted by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to the UNFCCC First Global Stocktake, analyzes the failure of governments to align public financial flows with the Paris Agreement. It argues that public support for fossil fuels remains high and often increases, creating a financial barrier to clean energy deployment. The document provides evidence of subsidy trends, the impact of COVID-19 recovery packages, and offers a framework for fossil fuel subsidy reform (FFSR) to accelerate the energy transition while ensuring social equity.