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The document examines the barriers to expanding geothermal energy in Kenya, noting that while the resource is abundant and central to the country's climate goals, development is slowed by high upfront exploration costs and infrastructure expenses. It highlights political risks such as the financial viability of the offtaker, Kenya Power, and bureaucratic tensions between national and county governments. Socially, the report identifies community opposition due to land relocation and the uneven distribution of benefits, where marginalized local populations bear the environmental and social costs while urban centers and elites receive the energy benefits. It concludes that for geothermal expansion to be sustainable, the government must better mitigate these risks and ensure equitable benefit-sharing.

The private sector in Southeast Asia faces significant risks from climate change, including warming temperatures and sea-level rise, which can impact business strategy, finance, and operations. While there is momentum to reduce emissions, there is a lack of equivalent effort to build resilience, necessitating urgent action to increase adaptive capacity.

The document examines the environmental integrity risks—specifically baseline determination, additionality, permanence, and leakage—and social safeguards associated with using forest-related mitigation credits in international carbon markets like Article 6 and CORSIA. It notes that while transfer-based finance could increase funding for forest protection, it introduces risks such as credit oversupply and volatility in market prices.

The document warns that Hurricane Florence could trigger a public health crisis in the southeastern United States by causing the failure of toxic waste sites, such as coal ash pits, hog manure lagoons, and Superfund sites. It highlights the vulnerability of these sites, citing a recent coal ash collapse at the L.V. Sutton Power Station and previous spills during Hurricane Matthew and in 2008. The author contends that industry prioritizes cheap waste disposal over safety and calls for stronger government regulations to secure hazardous sites and address the increasing frequency and strength of hurricanes driven by climate change.

The paper argues that blurring the lines between migration governance and health security risks undermining public health in Southern Africa. It warns that securitisation agendas in the Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees may lead to increased irregular migration and deter migrants from accessing healthcare due to fear of deportation. Furthermore, the author cautions that health status could be co-opted as a tool for border restriction, potentially reviving stigmatising travel restrictions similar to those seen during the early HIV epidemic.

The report examines water security in Burkina Faso's Nouaho sub-basin, finding that climate-exacerbated hazards like water scarcity and flooding disproportionately affect women and girls due to gendered divisions of labour and social norms. While women primarily manage domestic water collection and often lead off-farm income activities, they are largely excluded from community-level decision-making and water association leadership. The document argues that WASH adaptation must move beyond technical infrastructure to address gender discrimination and empower marginalized groups to ensure long-term water security.

The document details how climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heat waves across the United States, leading to severe health risks and societal disruptions. It highlights the vulnerability of specific populations, such as the elderly and outdoor workers, and the role of the urban heat-island effect. The text argues that stabilizing carbon emissions and adhering to the Paris Agreement can significantly reduce the projected increase in extreme temperatures and the frequency of heat waves by mid-century.

An international team of scientists used a multi-method attribution approach to determine that anthropogenic climate change increased the likelihood of the 2015-2017 Western Cape drought by a factor of 3.3. The drought, characterized by three consecutive years of below-average rainfall, led to a severe water crisis in Cape Town, nearly resulting in 'day zero'. The study finds that drought risk in this region scales linearly with warming, suggesting that further temperature increases will continue to raise the probability of such extreme events.

The report defines and maps 22 national Strategic Water Source Areas for surface water (SWSA-sw) and 37 for groundwater (SWSA-gw) in South Africa, including transboundary areas in Lesotho and Swaziland. It links these areas to major urban centres and agricultural sectors, highlighting that a small percentage of land provides a disproportionate amount of the region's water. The study identifies significant threats from invasive alien plants, mining, and land degradation, and recommends integrating SWSAs into national policy, legislation, and spatial planning to ensure long-term water security.

The document identifies plastic pollution as a material business risk, categorising it into transition, reputational, physical, and liability risks. It details how regulatory shifts, technological disruptions, and public perception threaten the long-term viability of plastic-intensive companies. Furthermore, it asserts that under UK law, directors have codified duties to manage these risks to promote company success and exercise reasonable care, warning that failure to do so could lead to personal liability.

The study identifies that high financing costs in Tunisia, driven by power market, counterparty, and political risks, inflate the cost of renewable energy. By implementing targeted public derisking measures, Tunisia could significantly lower generation costs for wind and solar PV, catalyzing over EUR 1.6 billion in private investment and reducing carbon emissions by 32.2 million tonnes of CO2 over 20 years. The analysis concludes that the economic savings from lower capital costs outweigh the public expenditure required for these instruments.

The Union of Concerned Scientists used a combination of NOAA elevation data, tide gauge records, and Zillow's ZTRAX database to identify coastal properties at risk of chronic inundation. The analysis defines chronic inundation as areas flooded at least 26 times per year and evaluates three sea-level-rise scenarios: high (6.6 feet), intermediate (4.0 feet), and low (1.6 feet) by the end of the century. Key caveats include the assumption of constant population and demographics, the exclusion of local coastal defenses like sea walls, and the lack of consideration for future adaptation measures.

The document outlines a $63 million project in Nepal designed to mitigate the risks of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and other climate-induced hazards. It proposes strengthening the institutional capacity of the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) and other agencies to provide risk information and early warning services. Key interventions include the lowering of four high-risk glacial lakes, the construction of check dams, and the implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) through community forestry. The project aims to benefit 327,500 people, particularly indigenous communities, by integrating centralized and community-based early warning systems and developing sustainable financing mechanisms for monitoring networks.

The report addresses the risk of stranded assets resulting from the sustainability transition, arguing that while 'green finance' for new technologies is well-documented, there is insufficient focus on the 'old' industries and assets that may become unusable. It introduces a methodology for the financial industry to quantify these risks to reduce unnecessary investment and negative social consequences.

The report finds that the threat of violent extremism among South Sudanese and Somalian refugees in Ethiopia is low, as refugees often possess a genuine disdain for the extremists who caused their displacement. While Ethiopia has effectively managed camp security through a collaborative approach involving refugees, the document warns that chronic underfunding and a lack of livelihood opportunities for youth create fertile ground for future radicalisation. It argues against the narrative that refugees are inherent security risks, suggesting instead that robust asylum processes and integration policies, such as Ethiopia's Nine Pledges, are the most effective ways to ensure security.

The report finds that India's thermal power sector is heavily dependent on freshwater, with nearly 90% of generation relying on it for cooling. This dependency has led to significant generation losses, including 14 terawatt-hours in 2016 alone, and over $1.4 billion in potential revenue losses for the top 20 utility companies between 2013 and 2016. The authors highlight that plants in high water-stress regions have a 21% lower average capacity factor. To mitigate these risks, the paper recommends mandating water data disclosure, standardizing reporting, and prioritizing a shift toward solar PV and wind energy, which could significantly reduce both water withdrawal and consumption intensities by 2027.

The Q4 2018 Risk Dashboard indicates that the Green Climate Fund's portfolio concentration and liquidity remain within approved risk tolerance levels. As of 31 December 2018, the fund reported no non-performing loans for the eighth consecutive quarter and maintained a foreign exchange commitment risk buffer of USD 33 million equivalent. The portfolio consists of 93 approved funding proposals with a geographic distribution led by Africa (39%) and Asia-Pacific (34%), and a funding balance favoring mitigation (39%) over adaptation (25%).

As of 30 June 2018, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) managed a portfolio of 76 approved funding proposals (FPs) with a total approved amount of USD 3.7 billion. Funding is distributed across mitigation (43%), adaptation (29%), and cross-cutting projects (28%), with the highest regional concentrations in Africa (33%) and Asia-Pacific (33%). The fund reports a projected liquid asset portfolio of USD 4.1 billion for the following 12 months and confirms there are no non-performing loans in its portfolio. Integrity and redress mechanisms recorded several closed allegations and a withdrawn request for reconsideration from Argentina.

The document introduces a financial modeling framework designed to calculate the total loss of public revenue resulting from mining tax incentives. It distinguishes between 'direct costs' (the immediate loss of tax revenue) and 'behavioral costs' (revenue losses caused by investors adjusting their operations to maximize the benefit of incentives). The guide accompanies a beta financial model pre-configured for a medium-sized open-pit gold mine representative of Sub-Saharan Africa, following the FAST standard for transparency and adaptability. It details specific behavioral risks such as 'high-grading' in response to income tax exemptions, excessive interest deductions following withholding tax exemptions, and the under-invoicing of minerals under progressive royalty schemes. Additionally, it provides methodologies for testing cost estimates through scenario modeling and sensitivity analysis to determine if incentives are 'well-oriented'—meaning they provide more value when project viability is lowest.

The document argues that tax incentives in the mining sector are often ineffective at attracting investment due to the location-specific nature of mineral resources and can lead to significant revenue losses. It provides a framework for reviewing incentives, identifying high-risk behavioural responses—such as 'high-grading' during tax holidays or abusive transfer pricing in export processing zones—and offers recommendations for better design, including the use of incremental sliding-scale royalties and the avoidance of 'cliff-edge' fiscal changes.