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The 'GREEN FINANCE: GREEN BOND DIRECTIONS COP22 Highlights' report by the Climate Bonds Initiative details the rapid growth of the green bond market in 2016, emphasizing its role in funding climate mitigation and adaptation to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It highlights the shift toward private sector issuance, the emergence of China as a dominant market, and the necessity of reaching USD 1 trillion in annual issuance by 2020 to substantively address climate change.

Friends of the Earth International's 2016 submission to the UN Intergovernmental Working Group advocates for a legally binding treaty to hold transnational corporations and their financiers civilly and criminally liable for human rights and environmental violations. The document proposes the creation of an international court, the primacy of human rights over investment treaties (including ISDS), and the establishment of a public monitoring center to prevent corporate capture of the regulatory process.

The Green Economy Barometer 2016, published by the Green Economy Coalition (GEC), assesses the global transition toward green and fair economies. The report assigns a score of 4 out of 10 to the transition, noting that while international policy architecture, renewable energy investment, and corporate awareness of natural capital risks have improved, the transition lacks the depth and breadth to address extreme poverty, the informal economy, and systemic structural reform.

This directory, compiled by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) with financial support from Denmark, provides an inventory of assistance and capacity-building programmes available to African states in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) areas. It details the offers of nearly 50 states, various international and regional organisations, and civil society entities, primarily within the framework of UN Security Council Resolution 1540 and other international non-proliferation treaties.

The 'Keep Fossil Fuels in the Ground: A Declaration for the Health of Mother Earth' is a November 2015 statement signed by numerous international organizations and activists. It calls for an immediate end to fossil fuel extraction, exploration, and subsidization to address the climate crisis and protect the rights of nature and Indigenous peoples, advocating for a transition to 100% renewable energy.

This guide by the World Resources Institute provides a glossary of terms used in COP21 climate negotiations to define long-term emissions-reduction goals. It distinguishes between various technical terms such as decarbonization, carbon neutrality, and climate neutrality, while outlining the requirements for these goals to effectively operationalize the target of limiting warming to below 2°C or 1.5°C.

This briefing by the World Resources Institute outlines six critical areas of climate finance to monitor during the COP 21 negotiations in Paris. It emphasizes the need for developed countries to meet the $100 billion annual funding goal by 2020, the importance of increasing adaptation funding, and the necessity of transparent reporting and a predictable finance cycle to support developing nations.

This research paper details the New Earswick Good Life Initiative, an 18-month participatory action research project in York, UK, aimed at building community resilience and environmental sustainability in a low-income suburb.

This technical annex assesses progress toward Goal 10 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which focuses on strengthening forest governance, transparency, the rule of law, and the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs). The report utilizes three primary indicators: the strength of institutions and policies in producer and consumer countries, the prevalence of illegal logging and related violence, and the formal recognition of land and forest rights for IPLCs.

This technical annex assesses progress toward Goal 2 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which aims to eliminate deforestation from the production of agricultural commodities—specifically palm oil, soy, paper, and beef—by 2020. The report uses market share of certified commodities and the number of corporate and governmental commitments as proxy indicators for progress, noting significant data gaps and varying levels of ambition across different sectors.

This technical annex assesses progress on Goal 9 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which focuses on rewarding countries and jurisdictions for reducing forest emissions through public and private payments for verified emission reductions (VERs). The report tracks two indicators: international public payments through multilateral and bilateral funds, and the value of forest VER purchases in voluntary and compliance carbon markets.

This report by the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) and Carbon War Room profiles 10 case studies of islands and remote communities transitioning from oil-dependent electricity systems to renewable microgrids. It identifies the drivers of change, technical and administrative challenges, and lessons learned to provide a roadmap for other isolated communities seeking to reduce costs and oil dependence through wind, solar, hydro, and energy storage.

A statement from World Resources Institute President and CEO Dr. Andrew Steer regarding an OECD report that found climate finance commitments from developed countries and multilateral banks rose to $62 billion in 2014, indicating progress toward the $100 billion annual goal for 2020.

This research paper examines how participatory methods and local community knowledge can improve the ecological interpretation and biodiversity management of former mining sites in the UK's Yorkshire coalfield.

This fact sheet from the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) defines foreign direct investment (FDI), outlines its types and general economic impacts, and details the evolution of South Africa's economic strategies and approach to attracting and regulating inward FDI.

The 2015 Green Bond Market Roundup by the Climate Bonds Initiative reports that $41.8 billion in labelled green bonds were issued in 2015. The document highlights growth in market supply driven by policy support, the entry of more corporate and municipal issuers, and expanding investor demand from institutional entities. It also notes an evolution in standards, such as the launch of Climate Bond Standard V2, and an increasing emphasis on reporting and third-party assurance to validate green credentials.

This 2015 report by SEI Tallinn analyzes food waste in Estonia's retail and food processing sectors. It finds that while Estonia generates less food waste per capita than several other European nations, significant losses occur in retail (approx. 12,000 tonnes annually) and the meat industry. Key drivers include poor sales forecasting, consumer behavior, and production process residues. The report highlights barriers to food donation, such as transport and legal ambiguity, and recommends national strategies to reduce food loss.

This report details the final Governance Learning Workshop of the Climate Adaptation and Water Governance (CADWAGO) project, held from 14-16 October 2015 in Sassari, Italy. The event brought together 35 researchers and practitioners from Europe, Australasia, and North America to discuss transforming water governance in the context of climate change. The workshop featured presentations on systemic governance praxis, a field visit to the Arborea dairy district in Sardinia, and a traditional conflict resolution simulation called 'La Rasgioni'.

This fact sheet provides an overview of the software tools, online platforms, and research activities developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) to support climate change mitigation and adaptation. The document details specific tools for energy planning (LEAP), water resources planning (WEAP), consumption-based environmental impact accounting (REAP), and knowledge sharing for adaptation (weADAPT), while outlining SEI's strategic focus on capacity-building and the integration of these tools to address sustainable development challenges.

This report examines the cost-effectiveness of biomass power deployment subsidies in Germany and the United Kingdom, aiming to develop a multi-criteria framework for evaluating renewable energy subsidies by considering all costs and potential benefits.