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This report by Trend Asia examines the role of large conglomerates, state-owned enterprises, and politically connected corporations in Indonesia's energy transition, specifically focusing on the development of energy plantation forests (HTE) for biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants (PLTU). The document argues that the transition is being dominated by powerful actors with a history of deforestation and land conflict, potentially leading to a 'carbon debt' and further environmental degradation.

WRI Indonesia facilitated the mapping of 300,000 hectares of customary forests across 92 Indigenous territories in Jayapura Regency and conducted spatial analysis in Sarmi Regency. By collaborating with the Indigenous Peoples Task Force (GTMA) and government agencies, WRI helped secure six customary forest certificates from Papua’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry, providing formal land rights to Indigenous communities and protecting the region's intact rainforests from development.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative proposes the 'Indeks Desa Membangun Plus' (IDM+), a reformed evaluation index designed to incentivize sustainable land use and environmental preservation at the village level in Indonesia. Using Berau Regency in East Kalimantan as a case study, the report argues that existing fiscal transfer mechanisms fail to reward ecological performance and suggests a mixed fiscal instrument approach to provide both incentives for high-performing villages and affirmative support for those with low ecological scores.