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The report finds that 15 major meat and dairy companies produce combined methane emissions of 12.8 million tonnes, representing 11.1% of global livestock-related methane. These emissions exceed the total methane footprints of countries like Russia, Canada, and Australia. The authors highlight a severe lack of corporate transparency, noting that 60% of the analyzed companies fail to report total supply chain (scope 3) emissions. The report criticizes governments for relying on 'techno fixes' like anaerobic digesters rather than reducing livestock numbers, and calls for binding targets and a just transition toward agroecology.

The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) asserts that methane mitigation is the most effective strategy for slowing near-term warming, yet it remains severely underfunded. Despite the existence of low-cost abatement opportunities in the oil and gas, waste, and agriculture sectors, finance for methane accounted for less than 2% of total climate finance flows in 2019 and 2020. CATF identifies structural barriers, including a lack of prioritized funding within donor institutions and a dearth of high-quality project proposals from developing countries. To address this, the document recommends scaling donor pledges, developing investable project pipelines, and improving partnerships and carbon market frameworks to support implementation.

The document outlines a step-by-step process for assessing organisational GHG footprints, based on international standards like the GHG Protocol and ISO 14064. It defines three scopes of emissions: Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect energy), and Scope 3 (other indirect value chain emissions). A central feature is the provision of a database of emission factors specifically developed for the Estonian context, covering energy production, vehicle fuels, and waste management. The guide also discusses the relationship between GHG accounting and regulatory frameworks such as the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), and the EMAS environmental management system.

The report examines pathways to reduce the carbon footprint of concrete in the Northeastern US, emphasizing the role of government procurement in driving market demand for low-carbon alternatives. It details technical solutions like supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), the process and cost of carbon reporting via EPDs, and the associated economic and health impacts.

The study assesses the environmental performance of incorporating bakery byproduct meal, chemically-processed grocery food waste feed, and Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) meal into laying hen diets in the US. Results indicate that while all alternative diets can reduce land use and marine eutrophication by replacing agricultural ingredients like soybean meal, they often introduce trade-offs, particularly increasing global warming potential and water consumption. Bakery meal showed the most modest impacts, whereas BSFL meal caused the highest increases in greenhouse gas emissions. The report concludes that the environmental benefits of waste-to-feed systems are modest and highly dependent on energy use, suggesting that renewable energy is essential to ensure positive outcomes and that preventing food waste remains the top priority.

The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) supports the European Commission's proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) as a tool to prevent carbon leakage and encourage global climate action. CATF argues that a CBAM must replace the free allocation of certificates under the European Emissions Trading System (ETS) and be paired with innovation policies for advanced decarbonization technologies. The organization specifically warns against including methane in the ETS due to the complexities and potential counter-intuitive effects of Global Warming Potential (GWP) time horizons. CATF recommends that the CBAM apply to all imported energy based on verifiable greenhouse gas intensity, exempt Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States, and reinvest all revenues into climate innovation both within the EU and in developing countries.

ClientEarth urges the European Commission to implement strict, mandatory regulations on methane emissions across the fossil fuel and agriculture sectors. The organization argues that the EU, as the world's largest importer of fossil gas, has the commercial power to mandate low-emission supply chains. Key recommendations include expanding the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) to cover methane, introducing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) for methane-emitting imports, and reforming the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to end subsidies for intensive livestock production. ClientEarth also highlights the health risks of indoor gas appliances and the need to counter industry misinformation by replacing the term 'natural gas' with 'fossil gas'.

The report outlines a methodology for calculating the biogenic carbon footprint of harvested wood products, moving away from the common assumption of carbon neutrality. It introduces the GWPbio approach, which accounts for the time lag between carbon emissions from harvesting and the subsequent sequestration during forest regrowth. The framework separates the impact into the 'forest carbon gap' (GWPbio, forest) and the benefits of delayed emissions through product storage (GWPbio, product), while also incorporating fossil carbon footprints. The methodology utilizes the Bern carbon cycle model to simulate atmospheric CO2 decay and provides specific growth and decomposition parameters for boreal forest (Norway spruce), Douglas fir, and Loblolly pine.

The Clean Air Task Force, Earthjustice, and Western Resource Advocates recommend that Colorado move away from a "single-basket" approach—which measures all greenhouse gas reductions in CO2 equivalence (CO2e)—toward a "two-basket" framework. This proposed system would require both short-lived pollutants (methane) and long-lived pollutants (CO2 and N2O) to decline on their own steady trajectories, such as both being reduced by 50% below 2005 levels by 2030. The authors argue that a single-basket approach creates problematic trade-offs, where high Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for methane could incentivize polluters to prioritize low-cost methane reductions over the long-term CO2 reductions necessary to stabilize the climate. The document asserts that the AQCC has the legal authority under HB 19-1261 to implement this separate tracking to ensure the state meets its targets of 26% reduction by 2025, 50% by 2030, and 90% by 2050.

The document outlines the dangers of hydraulic fracturing, noting that in 2018, more than two thirds of Canada's natural gas was "fracked gas," primarily from Northeastern BC. It details health risks including increased incidences of preterm birth, miscarriage, and childhood leukemia (ALL), as well as environmental threats such as water contamination and induced earthquakes. The text highlights that methane leaks from fracking are 86 times more harmful to the climate than CO2 over 20 years, undermining the concept of natural gas as a "bridge fuel." It concludes by urging Canada to implement a moratorium on new wells and develop just transition plans for workers.

The report examines Indonesia's transport fuel subsidy regime, noting that while 2015 reforms initially saved over USD 15 billion, subsidies re-emerged as the government fixed prices despite rising international oil costs. This underpricing, particularly of 'Premium' gasoline, resulted in an estimated IDR 54.5 trillion in foregone revenue for Pertamina between 2014 and 2019. The author argues that subsidizing low-quality, high-sulphur fuels exacerbates urban air pollution and health costs, citing a 2010 study where air pollution-related treatment costs in Jakarta reached IDR 38.5 trillion. The document also analyzes the life-cycle emissions of biodiesel and electric vehicles, noting that EVs powered by Indonesia's coal-heavy grid may increase global warming potential compared to internal combustion engines. To resolve these issues, the report proposes three pricing models—smoothing, ratcheting, and cap-and-floor—to minimize price volatility while ensuring fiscal sustainability.

The report evaluates different systems for nutrient and carbon recovery in the Vantaanjoki (Finland), Fyrisån (Sweden), and Słupia (Poland) catchment areas. Using a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) involving stakeholder weighting, the study compares baseline management against alternatives such as anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and source-separation. In Vantaanjoki, anaerobic digestion scored highest. In Fyrisån, source-separation was the most sustainable. In Słupia, nutrient extraction performed best, while source-separation was found to be potentially less sustainable than the baseline due to local context and low adoption rates.

The author calls on governments to ratify the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol to address the cooling sector's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. With cooling-related CO2 emissions projected to rise from 8% to 15% by 2050, the document emphasizes the need for low Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants and energy-efficient equipment to avoid a vicious cycle of increasing cooling demand and global warming.

The paper analyzes the technical challenges of accounting for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) given the diversity of nationally determined contributions (NDCs). It focuses on four primary areas: the definition and scope of ITMOs, methods to avoid double counting through corresponding adjustments, the accounting of mitigation outcomes' vintage relative to target time frames, and the governance of tracking systems. The authors recommend an emissions-based approach to corresponding adjustments and the adoption of common multi-year target periods to prevent increases in aggregated global greenhouse gas emissions.

The document outlines how aligning the UNFCCC and Montreal Protocol regimes can help the refrigeration, air conditioning and foam (RAC&F) sector contribute to the Paris Agreement's temperature targets. It highlights that rising demand for cooling, driven by urbanization and population growth, increases CO2 and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions. The guide emphasizes the importance of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which aims to phase down HFCs to avoid significant temperature increases.

The paper analyzes the diversity of (I)NDCs across target types, sectoral coverage, and greenhouse gas scopes, finding that while economy-wide absolute targets facilitate easier accounting, only 18 (I)NDCs (covering 41% of global emissions) currently employ them.

The UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative provides global guidance on harmonizing LCIA indicators to improve the comparability and accuracy of environmental assessments. The document recommends specific metrics for climate change (GWP100 and GTP100), human health impacts from PM2.5, water scarcity (AWARE approach), and biodiversity loss from land use, while proposing an updated LCIA framework that distinguishes between intrinsic, instrumental, and cultural values.

The document argues that the 2015 climate change agreement requires a new mitigation architecture that balances national ownership with multilateral coherence to keep global temperature rise below 2°C. It suggests a system of "levels" of guidance for emission reduction offers, starting with simple common parameters and increasing in complexity, alongside a systematic and frequent approach to submitting and reviewing offers to drive necessary reductions.

The report assesses worldwide methane emissions from the oil and gas sector, estimating 2010 emissions at 1,554 MMTCO2e. It argues that methane is a critical target for short-term climate mitigation due to its 20-year global warming potential (GWP) being 72 times that of carbon dioxide. The document details over 80 abatement technologies, such as vapor recovery units and infrared leak imaging cameras, while analyzing barriers including government price controls, lack of industry knowledge, and the complexities of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

The document identifies short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs)—including black carbon, methane, tropospheric ozone, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—as gases and particulates with atmospheric lifetimes of less than 20 years that contribute to approximately half of global warming. It argues that while CO2 reduction is vital for long-term stability, SLCP mitigation offers faster results to slow the rate of warming, particularly in sensitive regions like the Arctic and Himalayas. The text details the specific radiative forcing and warming potentials of these pollutants, their primary sources (such as oil and gas production and biomass burning), and the associated co-benefits for food security and public health.