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The document details the framework for adaptation communications under the Paris Agreement, specifying the types of information Parties may include, such as national priorities, risks, and support needs. It clarifies that while there is no fixed deadline for submission, communications should inform the global stocktake and may be submitted alongside other documents like NDCs or biennial transparency reports. The guide also highlights the role of these communications in the global stocktake's synthesis report and their connection to the Enhanced Transparency Framework.

The report examines open governance in climate finance, finding that while transparency has increased due to UNFCCC requirements, significant gaps remain, particularly in private finance and the decision-making processes of bilateral funders. It argues that transparency, participation, and accountability are mutually reinforcing and that current enforcement mechanisms for international public and private finance are insufficient.

The document argues that limiting global warming to 1.5 or 2°C requires a virtually decarbonized power sector by 2050, a goal the world is currently not on track to meet. It asserts that increasing ambition in NDCs requires moving beyond simple renewable energy targets to implement four foundational strategies: enhancing grid flexibility, addressing existing coal assets, implementing institutional changes, and leveraging synergies between power and end-use sectors.

The document introduces a proposed methodology for estimating mobilized private climate finance, arguing that while existing methods measure project-level co-finance, the specific effects of policy on attracting private investment are less understood. The authors conclude that their proposed approach offers an improved foundation for tracking and estimating this finance, despite certain limitations, and can be applied to future case studies.

The document introduces the India Energy Policy Simulator (India EPS) version 3.1.3, a tool developed by Energy Innovation LLC and World Resources Institute. The model allows for the quantitative assessment of climate policy packages and their effects on greenhouse gas emissions, GDP, and employment in India up to 2050. It specifically outlines the model's technical framework and its 'business-as-usual' (BAU) reference scenario to help policymakers identify cost-effective pathways to meet Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets and long-term decarbonization goals.

The document analyzes the integration of ocean-based climate actions in 2025 NDCs, noting a general upward trend in inclusion among coastal and island nations following the Global Stocktake.

The document argues that transformative changes in agriculture are essential to meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement. It advocates for countries to develop customized strategies for their NDCs to address food security risks, reduce emissions, and build resilience, noting that climate impacts on food production and employment are expected to worsen by 2030.

The study examines Ethiopia's efforts to align climate change mitigation and adaptation with national development strategies, specifically analyzing the role of the Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy (CRGE), the 10-Year Development Plan (10YDP), and the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). It finds that while mainstreaming is relatively strong during the planning phase, it remains weak during implementation due to poor institutional capacity, limited technical expertise at national and local levels, and inadequate monitoring and tracking systems. The paper recommends adopting a blend of bottom-up and top-down approaches, aligning climate tracking mechanisms with national economic systems, and increasing stakeholder engagement to ensure climate actions are routinely integrated throughout the entire policy cycle.

The document serves as an input for the G20 Climate and Sustainability Working Group, emphasizing the synergy between Long-Term Strategies (LTSs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It asserts that integrating these planning processes allows G20 nations to align near-term decisions with long-term climate goals, thereby fostering sustainable, inclusive economic growth and supporting non-G20 countries in their climate ambitions.

The document examines the gap between ocean-climate ambition and implementation, noting that 90 percent of updated coastal and island NDCs include ocean-related commitments. Analysis of 358 support requests from 59 countries reveals that implementation readiness is hindered by underdeveloped governance, institutional capacity, data systems, and financing arrangements. Crucially, the text argues that the primary barrier to mobilizing finance is often the lack of these enabling conditions rather than a shortage of available capital.

The paper analyzes the evolution of adaptation components in the NDCs of 86 countries, finding that while updated submissions show increased country ownership, better alignment with national adaptation plans, and more detailed sectoral actions, most prioritized actions remain neither investment nor implementation ready.

The document argues that reducing short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs)—specifically methane, hydrofluorocarbons, black carbon, and tropospheric ozone—is critical for staying within a 1.5°C temperature rise and avoiding climatic tipping points. It notes that these pollutants were frequently underrepresented in initial NDCs and suggests that strengthening future NDCs with SLCP-specific actions is essential for achieving the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals.

The document outlines the general process for implementing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), emphasizing the need for implementation plans, financial strategies, and monitoring systems to increase climate ambition over time.

The paper examines how tailored governance and institutional arrangements are essential for effective long-term climate and development planning. It analyzes various country experiences to identify common and diverse approaches to implementing long-term strategies (LTSs) as encouraged by the Paris Agreement. To assist policymakers, the document provides a checklist of key questions covering process initiation, institutional structures, communication, review procedures, and international cooperation to identify gaps and strengthen governance.

The document outlines the factors that determine the credibility of national climate plans (NDCs), such as clear targets and implementation capacity, and explains the role of biennial transparency reports (BTRs) in providing the necessary information to assess and shape the credibility of future NDCs.

The paper evaluates the integration of pro-climate behavior changes in the NDCs of the top 20 emitting countries. It identifies a gap between the emissions reduction potential of certain behaviors—particularly in the food sector—and their actual inclusion in national pledges. The analysis reveals that countries primarily rely on infrastructure and service improvements to drive behavior change, while underutilizing incentives and personalized information.

The document outlines three mutually reinforcing transitions—decarbonization, circular economy, and decentralization—to guide a sustainable post-COVID-19 economic redesign. It emphasizes the need for robust net-zero commitments, a shift from recycling to reducing and reusing materials, and stronger coordination between national and subnational governments to enhance climate resilience and equity.

The analysis finds that Indonesia's existing land-use and energy policies are insufficient to meet its unconditional 29% emissions reduction target by 2030, but strengthened policies could surpass this goal. The forest moratorium is identified as the policy with the highest mitigation potential, while the energy sector is projected to become the dominant source of emissions by 2026–27, necessitating urgent shifts toward renewable energy and conservation to avoid carbon lock-in.

The document argues that current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are insufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C and seeks to provide CVF member countries with sectoral options for enhancing their NDCs. It focuses on energy, transport, forestry, food, and agriculture to drive a low-carbon, climate-resilient pathway that aligns with sustainable development goals.

The report finds that public international funding for nature-based solutions for adaptation (NbSA) is relatively small, totaling US$3.88.7 billion in 2018. This amount represents only 0.61.4 percent of total climate finance flows. Funding is dominated by grants and a small number of bilateral donors, with Sub-Saharan Africa and South and Central Asia receiving about 50 percent of the total. Key barriers to scaling NbSA include the lack of common definitions, a dearth of metrics to value benefits, and a misalignment between donor funding instruments and the long-term operational costs of projects. The authors recommend scaling and better tracking ODA, aligning funding with project needs, developing standardized valuation metrics, and supporting the development of project pipelines in developing countries.