The State of Ocean-Based Climate Action in 2025 Nationally Determined Contributions: A Preliminary Update

This working paper by the World Resources Institute provides a preliminary analysis of the integration of ocean-based climate actions within the 2025 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) following the first Global Stocktake.

• There is an upward trend in the inclusion of ocean-based actions in NDCs from coastal and island countries. In 2015, 62 percent (69 out of 111) included such actions, increasing to 73 percent (77 out of 106) in 2022. Of the 66 updated coastal and island NDCs submitted since the Global Stocktake, 61 include at least one ocean-based action.

APA

World Resources Institute (n.d.). The State of Ocean-Based Climate Action in 2025 Nationally Determined Contributions: A Preliminary Update. https://www.wri.org/research/ocean-based-climate-action-2025-ndcs-preliminary-update

Chicago

World Resources Institute. The State of Ocean-Based Climate Action in 2025 Nationally Determined Contributions: A Preliminary Update. n.d. https://www.wri.org/research/ocean-based-climate-action-2025-ndcs-preliminary-update.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=World Resources Institute |title=The State of Ocean-Based Climate Action in 2025 Nationally Determined Contributions: A Preliminary Update |url=https://www.wri.org/research/ocean-based-climate-action-2025-ndcs-preliminary-update |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{worldresourcesinstitutendstate, author = {{World Resources Institute}}, title = {{The State of Ocean-Based Climate Action in 2025 Nationally Determined Contributions: A Preliminary Update}}, institution = {World Resources Institute}, url = {https://www.wri.org/research/ocean-based-climate-action-2025-ndcs-preliminary-update}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }