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The Financing Steel Decarbonization (FSD) instrument is a proposed mechanism designed to accelerate the adoption of low-carbon technologies (LCTs) in the steel sector, specifically targeting India. It combines a blended debt fund (SDF) to provide patient capital with a service company (SDI) that offers technical assistance and implementation support to de-risk projects.

The Green Affordable Housing Finance instrument, proposed by Reall and analyzed by the Climate Policy Initiative, is a two-pronged financial mechanism designed to catalyze the construction and ownership of green affordable homes. It combines an Enabling Environment Facility (EEF) for technical assistance and direct construction finance with a Guarantee Facility that de-risks construction and mortgage loans for local financial institutions. The instrument will be piloted in Kenya in 2023, targeting the gap in sustainable housing for low- and informal-income households, before scaling to Nigeria, Uganda, India, and Pakistan.

The Green Guarantee Company (GGC) is a specialist guarantor designed to help public and private sector borrowers in emerging and frontier markets access long-term hard currency debt from global institutional investors for climate adaptation and mitigation projects. Managed by the Development Guarantee Group (DGG), the GGC provides full guarantees for bonds and loans of 5-20 years, aligned with the Climate Bond Standard (CBS), to mitigate sovereign and currency risks. The instrument includes a Technical Assistance (TA) facility to build issuer capabilities and market readiness. The GGC aims to catalyze approximately USD 10 billion in commercial term debt over its first decade, targeting sectors such as energy, transport, water, buildings, and waste, with an initial pilot phase in South Africa.

This report by RMI proposes a structured finance scenario to retire the coal-fired Red Hills Power Plant in Mississippi seven years early and replace it with a clean energy portfolio, demonstrating how restructuring long-term contracts can benefit customers, bondholders, fuel suppliers, and workers.

The ARM-Harith Cities & Climate Transition Fund (The ACT Fund) is a mid-market greenfield infrastructure fund designed to expand sustainable infrastructure in West Africa. It utilizes a blended-currency mechanism to reduce financing friction at early project stages and mobilize local institutional investment through structured exit solutions.

The Amazônia Sustainable Supply Chains (AMSSC) Mechanism is a blended finance instrument designed to scale the bioeconomy in the Brazilian Amazon. Proposed by Natura and Mauá Capital, it combines a receivables fund to provide upfront financing to smallholder cooperatives with an Enabling Conditions Facility (ECF) that provides technical assistance and community infrastructure investments. The mechanism aims to reduce deforestation pressure by strengthening value chains for non-timber, forest-compatible products.

The 'Data-Driven Energy Access for Africa' instrument, developed by Nithio, is a financial intermediary that uses AI and geospatial data to provide loans to solar distributors in Sub-Saharan Africa. By standardizing credit risk analysis, the instrument aims to expand financing beyond the largest operators to reach smaller, local distributors and last-mile customers, ultimately targeting the deployment of USD 500 million in loans by 2029.

The Guarantee Fund for Biogas (GFB) is a proposed financial instrument designed to unlock public and private credit for independent biogas project developers in Brazil by providing construction-phase loan guarantees. By acting as a CVM-compliant fixed-income fund investing in treasury bills, the GFB addresses the lack of collateral that prevents smaller developers from accessing existing credit lines, aiming to scale Brazil's biogas capacity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

This policy brief, prepared by the Climate Bonds Initiative in partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank and commissioned by the Brazilian Ministry of Economy, explores how subnational consortia in Brazil can utilize innovative financial modeling to fund sustainable municipal infrastructure. It analyzes the legal barriers facing Brazilian municipalities, proposes the adoption of pooled financing mechanisms (MFGCs), and provides international case studies to support a green economic recovery.

This policy brief, prepared by the Climate Bonds Initiative and supported by the Inter-American Development Bank, examines the potential for Brazilian subnational consortia to use Pooled Finance Mechanisms (PFMs) to fund sustainable infrastructure. It identifies significant regulatory and financial barriers facing Brazilian municipalities and proposes updates to the legal framework and the adoption of blended finance models to attract private and international capital for climate-resilient projects.

This report provides a Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) assessment of the Kalivaç and Poçem hydropower projects (HPPs) on the Vjosa River in Albania. It compares these projects against hypothetical solar PV and onshore wind alternatives, integrating environmental, social, and economic externalities into cost-benefit analyses (CBA), levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), and financial performance models. The assessment finds that the HPPs are uneconomic and socially costly compared to solar PV, primarily due to high dredging costs and significant losses in agriculture and tourism.

This report presents a Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) assessment of the Taïba N’Diaye wind farm in Senegal. It compares the wind project against heavy fuel oil (HFO) and coal technologies, integrating traditional financial metrics with environmental, social, and economic externalities and climate risks. The analysis concludes that while coal may appear cheaper in conventional assessments, the wind farm is the most beneficial option when accounting for social costs of carbon, job creation, and climate resilience.

This report by Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) analyzes the financing needs for electricity and clean cooking access in Madagascar to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) by 2030. It evaluates current access levels, identifies financial gaps for off-grid solar, mini-grids, and improved cookstoves, and provides policy recommendations to overcome barriers such as low household purchasing power and lack of quality standards.

This case study, produced for the U.S. – India Catalytic Solar Finance Program (USICSF), analyzes barriers to scaling rooftop solar in India's Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector. It proposes a Credit Guarantee Mechanism (CGM) to mitigate risks of payment delay and default, thereby unlocking debt financing for Renewable Energy Service Companies (RESCOs) serving low-rated or unrated MSMEs.

The Distributed Energy for Social Housing (DESH) instrument is a third-party ownership and rental model designed to provide low-income tenants in Brazil with access to distributed solar energy without upfront costs. By utilizing a dual-class fund structure with a first-loss tranche for concessional capital, DESH aims to overcome barriers such as high interest rates, lack of upfront capital, and perceived credit risk associated with low-income borrowers.

This guide, published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in 2018, provides a framework and a financial model developed by the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF) to estimate the costs of tax incentives in the mining sector. It specifically focuses on calculating both the direct revenue losses and the indirect costs resulting from 'behavioral responses'—actions taken by investors to maximize financial benefits from incentives, which often lead to unforeseen revenue losses for governments.

This guidance note, published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in 2018, provides a framework and a financial model for governments to estimate the direct and behavioral costs of tax incentives in the mining industry. It emphasizes that investors may alter their behavior to maximize financial gains from incentives, leading to unforeseen revenue losses for the state.

This briefing by the India Innovation Lab for Green Finance analyzes the Solar Investment Trust (SEIT), a proposed dividend-yielding instrument designed to lower the cost of capital for industrial and commercial rooftop solar developers in India. The SEIT would be structured as an Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) under SEBI guidelines, allowing developers to monetize existing assets and attract institutional investors. While the instrument could potentially mobilize USD 1 billion for the rooftop solar sector within five years, current SEBI requirements regarding asset scale and leverage ratios present significant barriers to immediate implementation for most developers.

The Sustainable Energy Bonds (SEBs) instrument analysis by the India Innovation Lab for Green Finance proposes a debt instrument designed to mobilize impact investment for sustainable energy in India. SEBs address barriers such as high transaction costs for small-scale projects and a lack of standardized impact reporting by aggregating projects through a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC) and implementing a rigorous monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) framework. The report focuses on rooftop solar projects in the commercial and industrial sectors as a primary use case, suggesting that a pilot issuance of USD 5 million could catalyze significant private finance with limited public support.

The Climate Smart Cattle Ranching (CSCR) initiative, proposed by Naturevest and The Nature Conservancy, is a blended finance model designed to increase the supply of deforestation-free beef from the Brazilian Amazon. The project establishes a 'New Company' to provide long-term co-investment and technical assistance to mid-sized ranchers, specifically targeting those who lack formal land titles and are unable to access traditional commercial credit. By implementing Embrapa’s Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and ensuring compliance with the Brazilian Forest Code, the initiative aims to intensify livestock production on degraded pastures, thereby reducing the pressure to deforest and lowering the emissions intensity of beef production.